Difference Between Gsas And School Level Characteristics

Task Analysis 1. Identify all of the basic research questions and null hypotheses. A basic research question is: There is a relationship between GSAs and school-level characteristics. The null hypothesis is: There is no relationship between GSAs and school level characteristics. Another basic research question is: There is a relationship between schools in each state with GSAs and state level characteristics. The null hypothesis is: There is no relationship between schools in each state with GSAs and state level characteristics. 2. Identify all of the major dependent and independent variables and the level of measurement for each variable The dependent variable for the first research question is the presence or absence of GSAs (Fetner Kush, 2008). Its level of measurement is nominal. The independent variable is state level characteristics. Examples of state level characteristics are regions, size of student body and proportion of students receiving free or reduced lunch assistance. The level of measurement is nominal. The dependent variable for the second basic research question is percentage of schools in each state that have GSAs (Fetner Kush, 2008). Its level of measurement is interval-ratio. The independent variable for the second basic research question is state level characteristics of statewide antidiscrimination laws and adult-run gay support organizations (Fetner Kush, 2008). The level of measurement nominal. 3. Provide an example of a descriptiveShow MoreRelatedRelationship Between Gsas And School Level Characteristics1894 Words   |  8 Pagesrelationship between GSAs and school-level characteristics. The null hypothesis is: There is no relationship between GSAs and school level characteristics. Another basic research question is: There is a relationship between schools in each state with GSAs and state level characteristics. The null hypothesis is: There is no relationship between schools in each state with GSAs and state level characteristics. 2. Identify all of the major dependent and independent variables and the level of measurementRead MoreSupporting Learning Disabled And Lgbtqia Students2384 Words   |  10 PagesIsabelle Fryatt EIS 265 Dr. Castleman 02/15/15 Supporting Learning Disabled and LGBTQIA Students As a future teacher candidate, it is important to become as familiarized as possible with the various differences and experiences students may have within a single school or classroom. Having knowledge of other cultures, exceptionalities, and ethnic experiences will make understanding students’ views and perspectives easier and more comprehensive while also creating a safer and community-like atmosphereRead MoreEssay on Theorising Heterosexism for Social Work Education1405 Words   |  6 Pagesas language, religion, and the media. This is heterosexism in a nutshell, but we must venture deeper for greater understanding. 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Following a self reflection of my own identity the similarities between Eva and I show a congruence between essentialist perspectives of race and ethnicity to the existence of ethnic tensions andRead MoreAnalysis of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction, and Its Influence on Customer Loyalty.8400 Words   |  34 Pagesfound that 64.8% of the domestic airline customers are not satisfied with the services r eceived. Only 35.2% of all domestic airline customers who were satisfied with the services provided. Customer satisfaction levels are low impact on the domestic customer loyalty. Increasingly high level of competition among domestic airlines is a threat to the survival of firms who are not able to satisfy customers. Companies are required to satisfy the customer by providing appropriate services and value-addedRead MoreLan Based Computerized Enrollment System4874 Words   |  20 PagesSt. Anthony College Calapan City Local Area Network Based Computerized Enrolment System for High School Students in Good Shepherd Academy A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of St. Anthony College Calapan City Camilmil, Calapan City In Partial Fulfilment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Information Technology Submitted to: Mr. Cirile Dominic A. Horlador Submitted by: Hernandez, Mary Ann Y. Ilagan, Methus Klen C. Pangilinan, Sir Leandro C. 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Second, who are the stakeholders emergency managers should be concerned about? Third, at what level in the system and by which different stakeholders are different types of emergency management decisions made? Fourth, how can emergency managers involve these stakeholders in the emergency management process? Last, what types and amounts of power do

Analysis Of Holler If You Hear Me - 1649 Words

Holler If You Hear Me: There were many diverse aspects to this book. Most of this book is a recall from either the main character, or one of his students. This book is intended to open people’s eyes to see that in order to change the world we must first change ourselves. Being able to go through this story and see the mistakes, and the good decisions, teachers in Michie’s life have made, has taught me that the best way to teach is through love, justice, cultural empathy and imagination. Some of the points brought up in this book include the positive and negative sides of physical contact with a student, classification/stereotyping, race, gangs, police brutality/lack of justice, and children not being able to escape peer pressure. The first thing I will talk about in this book is the positive and negative effects of physical contact with your students. Michie, the main character, was in an incident where he was accused of touching a student inappropriately. Although the truth was revealed that he didn’t do what he was accused of, it shows how physical contact with a student can have a negative impact on a teacher’s career. Even though Michie was merely trying to console a person, children look for attention in any way they can find. This incident nearly cost Michie his job, but at the same time, a big part of teaching is showing the kids you care for them. Michie believes it is hard to care for people if you keep them at arm’s length, and I agree. Physical contact is anShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice989 Words   |  4 PagesThe Play Analysis of The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice is one of Shakespeare Comedy’s published in the First Folio. (McDonald 212) This analysis will review the written work of the play and the production from the Sweet Tea Shakespeare Theater Group. An overview on a few on the main stories within the play: the animosity in the relationship between Antonio the merchant and Shylock the Jewish moneylender, the courtship of Bassanio and Portia, and the secret eloping of Jessica and LorenzoRead MoreAnalysis Of Dear Mama1439 Words   |  6 Pagesimpacted his childhood and adulthood. The music video emphasizes Tupac’s favorite past memories with his mom. First thing to remember, the music video â€Å"Dear Mama† is being told by Tupac himself. The song is made by lyrics similar to what anyone would hear in a poetry. Tupac was famous for creating music based on his poetry. The music video is based on past moments Tupac and his mom had together. Even though Tupac tells the story his mom is along side him in every scene. They are both the most importantRead MoreToni Morrisons Beloved Essays1058 Words   |  5 Pages[her] own† (236). Her mother remains nameless because it was in the mother language which Sethe did not take part in as she was born, on a boat, into slavery. It was because Sethe knew â€Å"what it is to be without milk that belongs to you† and having to â€Å"fight and holler for it, and to have so little left† that she makes an extra effort to â€Å"get that milk to her baby girl.† (97) It was after Schoolteacher’s nephews milked her that there was not enough milk left from Nan†™s sparse feedings for Sethe toRead MoreBinary Opposition of Life of Pi5401 Words   |  22 Pages æ Å½Ã¨â€¹ ± 2012010285 Abstract: Ever since its publication in 2002, Life of Pi has gained great popularity and high critical acclaim from critical circle. It arose the study of Li of Pi from various angels. But most kinds of analysis about the novel are focus on existing doubts about the story, and the religious symbols in the novels. The binary opposition narrative in the novel discussed rarely. The novel is full of the binary oppositions narrative, these made the story distinctiveRead MoreJasper Jones Study Guide6848 Words   |  28 Pagesthinking that if I hadn’t seen the cuts and bruises on Jasper’s face for myself, I wouldn’t have thought for a second that this burly paternal copper was capable of locking up an innocent boy without charge and beating him. If Jasper Jones hadn’t shown me the cigarette burns on his shoulders just hours before, if I hadn’t touched their ugly pink pucker with my fingertips, I wouldn’t have suspected this man to be the monster he was’ (p. 160) Charlie’s mother, Ruth, cultivates her image as a good motherRead MoreAmerican Slang Essay 115481 Words   |  62 Pagesvocabulary is fashionable. People frequently give away information about their age and/or attitudes when they speak by how up-to-date their slang is. Just think of the different ways that various generations have expressed their admiration for something. You could say that something was top-hole (pre-war), wizard (1940s), fab (1960s), ace (1970s), brill (1980s), and so on, without really meaning anything very different. 1 The aim of the paper is to define slang in general and show some specific features

Sustainable Modern Olympic Games

Question: Give the literature review about Sustainable Olympic Games? Answer: Modern Olympics were introduced in year 1894. It was brought in by a French educationist named Baron Pierre de Coubertin. He intended to endorse harmony as well as understanding via sporting events and thereby wanted to develop the nation economically as well as socially through promoting big event specially ones who were related to sports. He introduced the concept that enemies could be effortlessly united within all sporting competitions. Later there was several effects of Olympics that were observed within nations undertaking such events. Olympic Games in reality were seen to leave a vast stamp upon the host city as well as this effect has even enhanced since the year 1984 as Games have by then become greater involving and have indulged extra athletes plus sports as well as a bigger media and even sponsor attendance (2008 Beijing Olympic Games Action Plan: Construction of Olympic Games Competition Venues and Related Facilities, 2008). There also are currently greater expectations regarding delivery of Games. After International Olympic Committee also called IOC decided to make environment as third filament of Olympics in the year 1994, cities also have been probable to convey cleaner as well as greener Games. For attaining a better knowledge and understanding of economic effects of the mega events, plus more especially of Olympic Games, such impacts should be separated in accord to actually whether they take place before, or during otherwise after the real event. Such an analysis would also follow and will clearly explain different stages regarding Olympics and all relevant economic effects plus policies that government could adopt to bring in maximum positive results from such event (Altemose et al., 2015). Discussion: Economic Sustainability and benefits- Economists are unimpressed about economic advantages of actually hosting the "mega-events" like Olympic Games, since alike activities also have substantial cost as well as they even seem to give way few touchable benefits. Such doubts are also rarely discussed by the real policy-makers and even by the populace, who are characteristically quite enthusiastic regarding all such spectacles. Within this essay such positions will be reconciled by examining economic effects of really hosting the mega-events such as Olympics (Billings and Holladay, n.d.). Also focus will be upon the trade and even the economic, social and cultural as well as environmental effect of Olympics upon the host nation or the city. Using varied trade models, it is shown that the hosting of any mega-event such as Olympics actually has a very positive impact upon the national exports and trade that takes place within the nation. This impact is statistically healthy, permanent, as well as large; trade also is approxima tely 30% greater for nations who have hosted Olympics (Borne, 2013). Fascinatingly moreover, it is also found that ineffective bids towards hosting Olympics even have an alike positive effect upon the exports. It also is observed that Olympic effect upon trade even is attributable towards signal that a nation sends while bidding to the host nations games, more willingly than act of really holding the mega-event. A model for political economy also has been developed which helps to formalize such idea, as well as derives situations beneath which a sign like this also is worn by nations willing to liberalize. It even is generally argued that nation hosting Olympics is helped in a way that the Olympics promote the hosting nations identity and thereby enhances its knowhow in the world. For example, IOC thinks that the potential visitors would be drawn towards Olympic venues only after being uncovered to them via games. People are dubious about practical significance of the argument, and therefore begin through investigating it empirically, and using a count of different replicas for the trade (Davies, 2012). Astonishingly, it is also found that strong there is a very large optimistic effect of Olympics upon both the exports as well as the overall trade. To begin with, a great characteristic of Olympic Games actually is amount of the fund needed and money spent behind the event. Olympics attracts vast fund and they are all subsequently invested within them at the time of pre-game phase. This money also arrives from public as well as private sector plus even are spent upon construction of the sport venues and many amenities for tourists and also infrastructure for attracting more people (Sakai, 2006). All these funds also are diverse from organizational costs that any Olympic Organizing group has. Organizational costs also relate to the items that are not usable just after Games whereas investments that are mentioned above would also continue to dish up the city with in the coming future (Douglas, 2011). For instance Barcelona Olympics in the year 1992 had summed up organizational costs of about $1.364 billion as well as investment also amounted to some $8.012 billion. Additionally, construction endeavor that was being funded also brought in enhanced employment within the city, lessening unemployment plus as an outcome increasing actual standard of the living of all the local citizens. Within Barcelona, rates of unemployment actually fell right from 18.4% within the year 1986 to some 9.6% within the year 1992. If standard of the living is in reality raised, there would be vast social effects. These consecutively bring better economic effects because the tourists visiting city are actually made capable to observe change as well as difference plus probability of practicing an enjoyable visit would increase the substantially. This also might affect the people to believe visiting about visit to the city again, at the time of games or even after the finish of the games, and they might even spread word of mouth through which would result to an indirect advertising for the city (Godfrey et al., 2009). Social sustainability and benefits- It is commonly agreed that the hosting of a global organization upon a grand scale also has several advantages. Most obvious is all amenities plus facilities that are supplied for games that later advantage locals of location. Stadiums are also built otherwise revamped and the infrastructure is also updated as well as any issues are also ironed out, lodging is arranged and in a nutshell there exist a universal clean up ahead of guests (Herstein and Berger, 2013). All global organization of this type means the tourists, which also refer to potential customers, and local businesses that can look towards making a neat profit. It also is a magnificent opportunity towards advertising the nation in its total glory, which in return also means the future advantages. In brief, at the first look, it also seems to be brilliant business chances so why the Brazilians are out in streets protesting all together the reality that the nation is organized to host a comparable global event like Olympics . If people feel the mega-sporting occasion exclusively as the sporting festivity, it could even be argued that any such event would supply socio cultural advantages for host location. For instance, for the sporting events size of Olympics could increase local interest as well as participation within sporting actions, they can even strengthen the regional traditions plus values, as well as increase regional pride plus society spirit. People from several nations and different cities and locations arrive to the city where Olympics are hosted and with themselves bring in many differing cultures and beliefs as well as thinking. Such thinking and culture also affect the host nation and people belonging to the host nation also try to adopt the same within their nation, this even brings in integrity and cooperation amongst the whole globe and makes the world united (Holden, MacKenzie and VanWynsberghe, 2008). There are several impacts on the society like the society gets changed as their s tandard of living enhances, people in the community also adopt to several different culture and dissimilar beliefs which tends to change their own culture at times and also alters their own path towards living. The arrangement of Olympics make people of the host nation feel proud of and even inculcates a feeling of being host and treating the guests in appropriate manner. Also people of the host nation get a chance to deliver their culture and demonstrate their own feelings to the guests visiting the nation (In Focus: Olympics, 2012). Environmental sustainability and benefits- Olympic Games also are over and above all regarding sport as well as athletes, yet they can also bring many important ecological results if they get planned, managed as well as conducted within a path through which it minimizes adverse ecological impacts plus effects. Olympics also are about the competition as well as heroics plus national pride. But the Olympics also relate to the big business. The host cities even invest intensely in games that are organized in their nation and so many things are kept at stake while conducting the Olympic Games. This is the reason that city as well as the nation which is the host one needs to properly and keenly look after each and every fact and detail and tend to look its best within the time period when Olympics are held (Liu and Hong, 2010). The performance of the Olympic Games could also lead towards corrosion of the human rights intended for citizens of the host city as well as nation. There also arrives a demand of better security and the ho st nation is under pressure to provide justification for the organizing committee otherwise government towards introducing the laws to limit individual freedom particularly. The organizers even claim that host city requires to make sure that safety of public, athletes and also visitors, media as well as dignitaries are maintained and for this security several cameras and other tools and techniques are used. All these tools indulge machines that affect the ecology as well. Also arrangements that are made for the guests include the increase in level of water supplied by the government to different cities within the nation and also all time availability of electricity (Ma and Yang, 2009). All such amenities also impact the environment and even add up to the global warming which is a vital issue today. The city arranging for the Olympics even tend to rise the investment upon the making of buildings and hotels and malls as well as stadiums which hampers the surroundings and also fills up the left over land within the city which even hampers the level of oxygen within the citys environment. The hosting of the mega- event might also pose some additional environmental issues, especially while temporary buildings are made for fulfilling the needs of event. At Atlanta Games, for example, four sports in reality were hosted within temporary amenities which were demolished just after Games got over because of the citys limited usefulness towards local community. In case of hosting Olympics, there is a practice of properly disposing of materials that cannot be actually recycled, otherwise fail to meet the criteria of ecologically perfect good (Olympics watch, 2009). Finally, at the time when the infrastructure projects properly speed up, some other works of public can also be delayed otherwise displaced. However, when any large portion of the state funds gets channeled into a single metropolitan location, this generally results in less infrastructure projects within the sub urban locations and in some other areas as well. Yet there are some suggestions that can be supplied to host nations which might help them smoothly carry the Olympics within their boundary (Pain, 2014). Recommendations: Developing nations must attempt to host sporting events because this might help them to analyze the level of their actual development and work accordingly to fulfill the needs towards the path of development (Tong, 2009). Such nations also must make statements regarding the way in which developed areas can be used to conduct the events and the funds can be spent optimistically towards development of several buildings and amenities and can also conduct event and thereby will be capable of endorsing the nation and its cities as well. This might help the nation to develop tourism and thus earn profits. With doing this they might be capable of demonstrating an extremely wicked disregard intended for interest of all of its vast poor populace (Pappas, 2014). There also is a great need for the cities hosting such events to change their policies as if the policies do not change, cost of the events would constantly rise and people will definitely get negatively affected by the events thereby resulting in oppositions from people in organization of such events. Olympics can be tried to be held in not only in one state or city or nation but actually can be divided into many nations so that the burden and the fund gets equally divided amongst the nations. The opportunity coming from Games could also be utilized to supply a good sustainable ecological legacy, like the rehabilitated as well as revitalized locations and sites, enhanced environmental awareness, as well as improved ecological policies plus practices. It also is vital to know that such positive legacies could even occur whether otherwise not a proposal is victorious (Raco, 2013). For instance, a proposal might include rehabilitation as well as regeneration of any degraded location of any city for the Olympic Games hosting venue and the public unwrapped space which also goes ahead while bid as well as is finished even if city is never awarded for the Games.Money which is spent behind building of stadiums, building s, malls and hotels actually struggle to come back and the nation generally plunges into vast debt. Government must try to have some control over the amount of money spent behind such action. This might help the nation to work smartly and be on the safer side (Tomlinson, 2010). The nations can be recommended on decreasing costs for the bidding which includes cutting count of presentations which are permitted by the bidding cities as well as providing an important financial help from IOC. Such events enhance tourism and cities hosting Olympics must try to endorse itself as much as possible for attainment of good customers later after wrapping up of the event so that the nation can earn good amount from its tourism (RADFORD, 2012). Governments of the nations deciding to host Olympics must consider both the pros as well as cons of the events and thereby considering both the facts decide and bid upon hosting the event. Conclusion: There exists enhancing modern awareness about events like Olympics. It is said that such Games have both positive as well as negative impacts upon a city hosting them. There are many ecological, social and even cultural impacts. Such events also affect the nations economy, so a nation deciding to host Olympics must be very careful and think twice about all its assets and liabilities and thereby decide on what and how to do and whether to actually host the event or not (Shipway, 2007). It is also argued that Committee for International Olympic named as IOC, together with the local organizers of Olympic and also the public relations professionals, have mainly succeeded in carrying along the illusion that, when negative impacts plus the tensions might manifest themselves within malpractices otherwise boycotts, world of sport is clearly supportive of Olympic venture. Thus, despite of the widespread disapprovals surrounding institution of Olympics, which chiefly challenge links amid ideas of the Olympics and modern nature of event, Games incessantly grow within the magnitude as well as significance. Effectively, contemporary Olympics even sustain status of the mega-event, plus economic benefits also are major motive intended for all interests that are involved in hosting of such Games. In a nutshell here are all the details about the advantages and disadvantages for the nation attempting to host Olympics (Silva, 2013). References 2008 Beijing Olympic Games Action Plan: Construction of Olympic Games Competition Venues and Related Facilities. (2008). Chinese Law Government, 41(4), pp.15-19. Altemose, B., Gong, J., Zhu, T., Hu, M., Zhang, L., Cheng, H., Zhang, L., Tong, J., Kipen, H., Ohman-Strickland, P., Meng, Q., Robson, M. and Zhang, J. (2015). Aldehydes in relation to air pollution sources: A case study around the Beijing Olympics. Atmospheric Environment, 109, pp.61-69. Billings, S. and Holladay, J. (n.d.). Should Cities Go for the Gold? The Long-Term Impacts of Hosting the Olympics. SSRN Journal. Borne, G. (2013). The Sustainable Development of the Olympic Games: Critical Connections. Sociological Research Online, 18(3). Davies, S. (2012). Lasting legacy [sustainable Olympic Games]. Eng. Technol., 7(7), p.68. Douglas, L. (2011). Zero-waste Olympic Games [waste management]. Engineering Technology, 6(12), pp.46-47. Godfrey, N., Hart, J., Vaughan, W. and Wong, W. (2009). Using Wastewater Energy To Heat an Olympic Village for the 2010 Winter Olympics and Beyond. proc water environ fed, 2009(9), pp.6572-6580. Herstein, R. and Berger, R. (2013). Hosting the Olympics: a city's make-or-break impression. Journal of Business Strategy, 34(5), pp.54-59. Holden, M., MacKenzie, J. and VanWynsberghe, R. (2008). Vancouvers promise of the worlds first sustainable Olympic Games. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 26(5), pp.882-905. In Focus: Olympics. (2012). Anthropology News, 53(6), pp.S1-S41. Liu, L. and Hong, Y. (2010). Psychosocial ramifications of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 13(2), pp.102-108. Ma, T. and Yang, C. (2009). The Prevention of Valley Effect  in the Olympic Games of Beijing. Journal of Sustainable Development, 1(2). Olympics watch. (2009). Engineering Technology, 4(6), pp.28-31. Pain, E. (2014). A Ph.D., and the Olympic Games. Science. Pappas, N. (2014). Hosting mega events: Londoners' support of the 2012 Olympics. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 21, pp.10-17. Raco, M. (2013). Governance as legacy: project management, the Olympic Games and the creation of a London model. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp.172-173. RADFORD, P. (2012). The Olympic Games in the Long Eighteenth Century. Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, 35(2), pp.161-184. Shipway, R. (2007). Sustainable legacies for the 2012 Olympic Games. The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 127(3), pp.119-124. Silva, G. (2013). Call me the World Cup and invest in me . A commentary on Brazils recent street protests against the World Cup and the Olympic Games. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), pp.174-178. Tomlinson, R. (2010). Whose Accolades? An Alternative Perspective on Motivations for Hosting the Olympics. Urban Forum, 21(2), pp.139-152. Tong, J. (2009). Planning for the 2008 Olympics (IV): Press Conferences on Meteorology and Environment Management: Editor's Introduction. Chinese Law Government, 42(2), pp.3-7.

Leadership and Management in an Organization

Question: Discuss about the "Leadership and Management". Answer: The organization BizOps plans to improve their profit margins in the coming year. This can be done only if every member of the workforce contributes towards it. The entire workforce will be given responsibilities on the basis of their ability and the nature of service they can provide. The front line staff will be given more responsibility to focus on acquiring new customers, extending business relationship with the existing customers and to bring back old customers through methods like cold calling and any more. The outlet mangers will be given the responsibility to check whether those under him are performing their duties diligently (Wilton 2013). Every member will be provided with training facilities so as to ensure efficiency of the job done. The responsibility of every person will be explained in detail as collective responsibility is the go to term in todays world of corporate governance. The managers at the head office will have to look after the activities at the retail outle ts and ensure that profitability and popularity of products improves. Various tasks should be assigned to each team member so that at the end, the entire team manages to achieve their targets. The frontline sales teams would be given targets in terms of number of customers to acquire, the amount of business to be sourced, etc. The actual sales should then be matched with what has actually been achieved in order to realize the performance of the individual (Werner, Schuler and Jackson 2012). The outlet manager will be given the responsibility of resolving customer grievances and also to step into the role of a frontline sales person in case a prospective customer gets out of hand. Such a person will also have to look after customer perceptions regarding the outlet and the products showcased. Again, this responsibility will keep varying depending upon the kind of outlet that has been assigned. Bigger outlets will have more staff and as a result the duties can be further streamlined by assigning a particular person for a particular job. Such duties will c ollectively enable the organization to prosper. The basic strategy to be used is the provision of incentives. It is known that no person will perform his duties for free. Proper compensation schemes along with an incentive for achieving the targets should also be considered for the purpose of assessment. Performance linked promotion is another aspect that can be further utilized. Improvements in the service scale are another option that motivates employees to work harder (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher 2012). For such a situation to arise, it is obvious that proper training needs to be provided to the workmen so that their efficiency improves. Sales team should be trained on how to interact with customers, understand their needs and suggest products accordingly. Though in this case on the job training is the best bet, but focus should also be on the ability to convert prospective customers into permanent customers. The officers at the higher level should concentrate more upon how they can canvass business themselves through tie ups wi th different business houses, advertising and high net worth customer acquisition. The most basic way to explain the importance of planning would be to find out the difference between the sales at present and the sales in future if the plans are properly executed. This difference only would act as a plus point for the team members to accept the importance of planning (Torrington 2011). Every business decision should be made on the basis of planning. There is no straight cut method of arriving at a conclusion. The action will consist of a number of steps which need to be planned and synchronized, only then will it be successful. The team members should be made to realize that profit arises from sales and sales will improve only if the members themselves improve their selling techniques (Stone 2011). Here the operational aspect comes into play, and as a result proper training needs to be provided and rules and regulations adhered to. Any decision taken would be not only for the benefit of the organization but also the members themselves as they too are a part of it. Assigning a sense of responsibility will certainly prove positive enough. Every team member should be made to understand that being a part of the organization; they too are responsible for the development of the firm. Responsibility will only be beneficial if it comes in collectively. Every man doing his own duty just for the sake of doing so will not help in any manner (Mondy and Mondy 2014). When people work in a team, the responsibility and responsiveness of individuals improves as they become answerable to the entire team. This removes the probability of malpractices to occur. For proper cohesion within a team, it is imperative that certain team building exercises be conducted so as to find out the level of cohesion among members. Teams should be constituted in such a manner that individual members use their ideas and concepts to take the team forward. Proper training especially for communication should be provided as it is usually the lack of it that decisions are not ratified and implemented. Only then will the decisions be in favor of the company. The initial step for such a process would be to create teams for particular purposes, e.g. marketing team, sales team, advertising team, etc. Each team would hence be able to focus on a particular field of expertise which they will have to improve. Each team will be set targets to achieve and points will be allotted based on achievement. These points will be helpful to the members in future regarding promotions and further career progression (Price and Price 2011). Various team building exercises may be taken up to build cohesion among members and to build a sense of belongingness to the group. Even within the group, the members will be allocated sub tasks which will have to be completed by themselves and an internal evaluation program will be established which will further enable the members to focus not only on their individual jobs but also the team cause. Negative points will be awarded to members who fail to carry out their duties willingly or unwillingly. This will result in their performance being thoroughly monitored, and the member may even be expelled for the sole reason, non performance. Leadership is the ability of the management of an organization in order to make sound decisions and to inspire the other employees of the organization to perform well. Leadership can be of various styles. These include pacesetting leadership style, authoritative leadership style, affiliative leadership style, coaching leadership style, coercive leadership style and democratic leadership style (Mondy and Mondy 2012). However, among all the leadership styles, the authoritative leadership style suits the best for the particular circumstances. Therefore, it can be said that the authoritative leadership style is the particular style or technology that will help to provide feedback and encourage, value and rewards the employees or the members of the particular team. The reason behind this is that the authoritative leadership style helps the leaders to mobilize the team towards a common objective and thus this will help to highlight on the end goals. This style is suitably applicable when the team requires new vision due to changed situation. The authoritative leadership style helps to inspire the entrepreneurial spirit for the mission of the project by providing feedback and encouraging the team members. This type of leaders also provides rewards and values to an individual for encouraging them and for better performance. There are various strategies that can be outlined and implemented within the organization or within a specific team in order to ensure that the concerns, issues and the problems identified by the employees or the team members within the team or organization can be recognized and addressed easily. However, the most effective strategy that can be implemented to handle the situation of the firm includes seven steps. These are as follows: Firstly, the particular problem, issues and concerns within the specified team should be detected and then the manager of the team should analyze the reason that is responsible for the occurrence of the issue and problems (Dessler 2013). Secondly, the manager of the team should recognize the interest of each team member of the specified team. Thirdly, the particular team manager should prepare list regarding all the possible options that will provide solutions to all the issues and problems detected by the team members within the team. Fourthly, the team manager should evaluate the listed options in details. Fifthly, after evaluating all the listed solutions to the problems and issues thoroughly, the team manager should opt for the most accurate solution for the betterment of both the team and the team members for the particular situation (Ivancevich and Konopaske 2013). Sixthly, the team manager has to prepare documents regarding the decided agreement. Lastly, the team manager has to implement the correct solution within the team carefully based on the decided and new agreement that has been prepared by the process of evaluating, monitoring and contingencies. The team manager can get ensured about his contribution to the work team whether serves as a role model for others or not and whether his contribution to work team is enhancing the image of the organization to all stakeholders or not can easily be identified. This can be identified by evaluating the following factors within the team manager for several years. These include awareness regarding his perception, commitment to the developing people, empathy towards the team members, foresight that would help to enrich the decision making skills, listening to all the issues, problems and concerns raised by the team members and then the team manager should respond to them, as true listening erects strengths in others and lastly is persuasion, where the managers or leaders of the team should use their own talents for serving the firm and his particular team (Dessler 2013). In addition to these, the self reflection of the managers or leaders of the team, development of a clear view, demonstr ation of leadership and confidence, willingness to become the unique individual, interaction and communication with each individual of an organization or of the team, showing concern and respect to others, knowledgeable and well rounded and to have humility and keenness to confess his mistakes also play an important role in ensuring the contribution of the team manager or leader to the work team as a role model for others, including the stakeholders of the firm (Dowling, Festing and Engle 2013). The leader of the team of the particular firm can easily facilitate the process of communication with each of the stakeholders group of the firm BizOps by the implementation of both formal and informal methods of communication. The formal methods of communication include meetings, conference calls and also through emails, newsletters and posters (Byars and Rue 2011). On the other hand, the informal methods of communication include the conversations in washrooms, hallway, lunch meetings, sporting events, after office diner party and voice mail. In addition to this, communication with all the stakeholders of the firm BizOps can also took place through both verbal and non-verbal methods of communication. The verbal communication can take place through both written firm (email, letter, magazine advert, newspaper) and oral form (face-to-face, telephone call, group discussion, team meeting). However, non-verbal communication includes body-language, facial expressions, tone of voice and m any more (DeCenzo, Robbins and Verhulst 2013). In order to communicate with the senior management team regarding a team performance issues, then the manager of the particular team should opt for the process of vertical communication, as through this vertical communication a two way flow of information can take place easily. In this method, superiors can easily communicate with the subordinates and the subordinates can also communicate with their superiors easily. Therefore, it can be stated that the vertical communication can be two types that are upward communication and downward communication (Bohlander and Snell 2013). References Bohlander, G. and Snell, S. (2013).Principles of human resource management. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Byars, L. and Rue, L. (2011).Human resource management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. DeCenzo, D., Robbins, S. and Verhulst, S. (2013).Fundamentals of human resource management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Dessler, G. (2013).A framework for human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Dowling, P., Festing, M. and Engle, A. (2013).International human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Ivancevich, J. and Konopaske, R. (2013).Human resource management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2014).Human resource management. Boston: Pearson. Price, A. and Price, A. (2011).Human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Stone, R. (2011).Human resource management. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley. Torrington, D. (2011).Human resource management. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Truss, C., Mankin, D. and Kelliher, C. (2012).Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Werner, S., Schuler, R. and Jackson, S. (2012).Human resource management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Wilton, N. (2013).An introduction to human resource management. London: SAGE.

Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow Essay Example

Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow Paper The unpredictable natural disasters’ effect on different industries and the wrong decisions that may follow the occurrence of such disasters may be due to: inaccurate forecasting of weather, inaccurate planning and risk analysis, also the governments and organizations over confidence in their ability to take decision and over come the risks. Also, insufficient financial support and miscommunication results in higher civil and human loss. As we examine the consequences of natural disasters several issues must be considered: * Many countries lack the knowledge, capacity and resources to deal with natural disasters. After a disaster the public sector is often paralyzed by damaged infrastructure and unable to cover the costs of emergency and relief efforts, let alone reconstruction work. * Lack of overall risk planning and investment in physical resilience measures, with too much focus on post-disaster response, leads to increased loss of life, suffering and damage. People in poor countries are generally more exposed to natural disasters, particularly through a higher dependency on agriculture and increased vulnerability to the natural environment. * Insurance penetration is high in developed countries. In lesser developed entries, the availability of insurance is limited and premiums are often not affordable. With less coverage, impacts from natural disasters can derail economic growth. There are several reasons for the increased vulnerability of societies to natural disasters: * Population growth: Between 1950 and 2010, world population grew from 2. 5 to 6. 9 billion,2 putting more people in harms way. * Location: Population growth has occurred in areas more prone to natural disasters, such as coastal areas and riverbanks. * arbitration: Poor urban planning, zoning and construction exacerbate the effects of natural disasters * Value: Economic velveteen brings higher asset values, thereby increasing the possible financial loss. Climate change: While there is not yet consensus in the scientific community whether and to what extent climate change increases the number and severity Of climatic events,5 there are several prominent studies suggesting that there exists a causal relationship, increasing risk uncertainty. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ill. List of Alternative course of actions: The unpredictable natural disasters and its consequences affect masses of people and require involvement of various sectors of country organizations to achieve ultimately successful results. Effective disaster management system should be in place which includes disaster prediction, disaster warning, disaster management and disaster relief. Implementation of the following measures can have a significant impact on the extent of suffering after a natural disaster: 1 . Clear vision for dealing with natural disasters. To increase knowledge and awareness of the population at large, the private sector and policy-makers to achieve behavior change. 2. Understanding the risk and mitigate risks through a variety of methods using both public and private means. 3. Enhanced physical resilience as a preventative step to reduce risk by hysterical measures, This is the only way to directly reduce the loss Of life and number of people affected. 4. Financial preparedness to reduce the long-term impact on economic development at the macro level as evidenced IV. Evaluation of Alternatives 1. Vision for dealing with natural disasters A vision of how various means of risk management could work together through â€Å"backward imaging†. Taking realistic natural disaster scenarios and apply best practice recommendations to develop a vision for the future. Ochs is on risk transfer solutions and enhanced risk resiliency. 1. 1 Data Comprehensive data is crucial throughout the natural disaster timeline for increasing awareness, finding effective resilience measures, early warning systems, efficient disaster response and resilient rebuilding. Capturing and mapping: The international community with local cooperation will implement a long-term programmer of global observation data. This data will include satellite observations and ground-based Observations to allow for Ð’Â «trustingÐ’Â » of the satellite data. Risk identification and assessment: Using open-access catastrophe modeling architecture and risk models created by the insurance industry and academia tit funding from UNFROCK adaptation funds, insurers and other risk pooling mechanisms will be able to assess risk and characterize the uncertainties surrounding their estimates. 1. 2 Awareness With good data, the public understands the need for preparation and risk reducing measures. Governments, the private sector and the media build awareness of risks and risk-mitigation principles at national, regional, and community levels. School awareness programmer: Schools play an important role. Children from a young age must understand the perils to which their communities are exposed and the appropriate response behaviors. Community awareness: Education in the community is required to ensure that awareness building continues in ad alt life. Communication: The media will run long-term campaigns on regional natural catastrophe risks, highlighting the benefit Of resilience and risk pooling measures. Multiple channels should be used, using resonating messaging to counter psychological tendencies of avoidance and denial, and foster behavioral change. 1. 3 Planning and prevention Planning and prevention require long lead times, especially for physical resilience projects. These large-scale projects and local community response Lana are both important to community awareness. Coordinating these measures to ensure effectiveness and efficient use of funds requires a central government figure, called in this report a â€Å"country risk officer. Country risk officers: Tasked with keeping up-to-date risk and asset data, they coordinate pre-disaster mitigation measures, such as building resilience, with financial preparedness Large-scale defense: Using risk maps, large-scale peril defense programmer are conducted in areas of high value or national importance, potentially contributed to by UNFROCK adaptation funds. Community-level defense: With awareness of risk, communities can work together on local measures, particularly where large-scale defenses are not possible. This may include avoiding construction in peril-prone areas,or making buildings temporary or peril-resilient in such areas. Individual-level defense: Some individuals and businesses may choose to adapt their properties, as they will see lower insurance premiums as a consequence if insurance premiums reflect risk. Assign liability in advance: Risk pooling organizations are able to reduce their prices because they have contract certainty due to clear liability laws enacted n advance. 1. 4 Risk transfer There are various options for risk management – avoidance, reduction, transfer or retention. Risk transfer is the underlying tenet for insurance markets, passing a liability onto another party (spreading the risk). Risk pooling is vital to the recovery of individuals, firms and economies following a natural disaster. 1. 5 During an event Actions taken immediately before and during an event are crucial for limiting impact on lives and livelihoods. These actions include last minute resilience measures, early warning systems, evacuation plans and efficient response measures. Early warning prior to an event: For some events (e. G. , flooding, tropical cyclones and tsunamis) early warning is possible; others are more of a surprise (e. . , earthquakes). Where early warning is possible, meteorological offices and other peril monitoring services send warning messages to a list of stakeholders for broader dissemination, and also post information on their websites. Mobile warning cascade: Peril-prone regions have free mobile technology early warning systems that cascade a series of warnings. Fast-evacuation warnings: Local police and coastguard remove people from high-risk areas (e. G. Off beaches in a tsunami). Prior emergency drills have informed all stakeholders what they are expected to do. The evacuation is orderly. 1. 6 Response The response phase begins after the post-disaster situation has stabilized and there is no longer imminent threat of loss of human life. The response phase focuses on restoring law and order, ensuring a secure environment and distributing resources and supplies. Order and control: Restoring law and order is crucial to an environment in which appropriate response measures can be taken. If civil society and security deteriorate it will be more difficult or impossible to distribute sources to those in need, unnecessarily prolonging suffering. Quick damage assessment: Satellite images provide an initial quick overview Of the damage. Liquidity pooling schemes pay out: If the event has triggered the pooling policies, funds, commodities and equipment are transferred within 15 days (or more quickly for critical equipment). Use of funds: The country risk officer implements the catastrophe response plan. Funds from pooling schemes are deployed to purchase necessary supplies. 1. 7 Recovery The recovery phase begins once the post-disaster situation has stabilized enough for activities focused on returning people and the economy to predigested or better levels. Recovery involves getting people and communities back on their feet, and ideally in a better position than before the disaster. Deploying loss adjusters: Using satellite and aerial photography loss adjusters decide whether they can pay claims remotely. There are a sufficient number of loss adjusters, provided by both public and private sectors. Resilient and sustainable rebuilding: The country risk officer issues guidelines on peril-resilient rebuilding. All new construction conforms to the code. Non- compliance results in non-payment of future risk pooling claims or building condemnation. Managed retreat: Some regions will not be re-populated to make green spaces or other mitigation schemes. The difficult question of whether to turn over damaged homes to these spaces is an important policy issue. Community adaptation measures: The opportunity to adapt regions will be taken at the time of large-scale rebuilding (e. G. , sustainable urban drainage). This is a unique opportunity to re-design for the future. Lessons learned: All stakeholders devote time and resources to learn lessons room the disaster about such things as evacuation processes, risk models, data, building performance under stress, etc. Results are freely disseminated for the benefit of the international community. Micromanage, structured loans and Micronesians: These financial products provide liquidity for affected individuals, initiating faster recovery and promoting self-sufficiency. 2. Understanding risk * Understanding the hazards and risks a community is exposed to is one Of the prerequisite recommendations in this report. Continued advancement in this understanding will allow for more focused and improved solutions across he disaster timeline. Ensuring that this knowledge is cascaded down to the local level creates awareness and initiates responsibility. Where possible, effective disaster preparedness and risk mitigation must start at an individual and community level. There are many stakeholders involved in building community awareness, Understanding how to use these channels effectively, often in combination with the media, will increase risk understanding and awareness Capturing risk data’s Establishing reliable data is the first step and involves multiple stakeholders. There are numerous gaps in the data that has been captured on multiple littorals and in various data sets around the world. Ra sing awareness Raising awareness is needed at the local community level. Different channels of communications that can reach individuals locally include the use of media, education, and community involvement. Small behavioral adaptations can result in large reductions in the impact to society. For leaseholders countries with high casualty rates, the importance of awareness understanding various need factors is critical. Organizations such as the Red Cross have significant expertise and capacity to help in countries where institutional capacity is not available. Physical Resilience Increasing physical resilience is an ongoing process for ensuring that structures, from large-scale infrastructure to individual buildings, are better prepared for natural disasters. This is an iterative process as cities and regions regenerate themselves, and as knowledge, technology and materials improve. Increasing resilience should be a priority for policy-makers to reduce loss of life and lessen economic loss. Physical resilience requires long-term planning at the national, regional, and local levels; between local governments; with rural and urban areas; and cross departments and agencies. Natural disasters know no boundaries and they cross government jurisdictions. 4. Financial preparedness Financial preparedness is a key element in a country’s overall resilience to natural disasters. It can reduce the long-term impact on economic development at the macro level. At the micro level it provides financial protection to individuals and businesses to reduce the impact on livelihoods. In addition to a functioning public policy and regulatory framework, insurance development depends on factors that define a country broader development strategy. Micronesians Micronesians, which protects low-income people from specific risks, is typically characterized by low premiums reflecting the pricing of focused coverage. Low-income people are often exposed to risks due to the nature of their livelihoods, for example, subsistence farming, or because they live In disaster-prone areas. Distribution High volume is a key to the insurance business model. Therefore, microsurgery need to partner with organizations With ties to the communities that they seek to serve to gain access to and build trust with potential customers. Financial literacy Explaining how insurance works can be difficult. It is also difficult to build trust with potential customers because the benefits of insurance are realized in the future. V. Conclusion and recommendations: Conclusion * Natural disasters affect all countries. However, in lesser-developed countries natural disasters cause disproportionate impact, killing thousands and threatening the livelihoods of those who survive, The variations in these effects between countries in there is a need to transfer knowledge, mobile financial resources and strengthen institutional capacity for natural disaster management in proactive and sustainable ways. However, there have been large variations in their societal impact, particularly on developing countries. Much work needs to be done at local, regional, national international level to improve preparation and response through enhanced resiliency and risk mitigation Accordingly, to reduce the impact of natural disasters, a multiculturalism approach is needed. At the heart of the recommendations is a desire to reduce the overall impact on society. Recommendations: To reduce the impact of natural disasters, a multiculturalism approach is needed. At the heart of the recommendations is a desire to reduce the overall impact on society. The success of that effort will depend on a number of factors: Raising Awareness Building awareness brings recognition of risk and initiates behavioral change. To begin the process one needs to collect appropriate data on risks, which needs to be made publicly available. Communicating the message in a way that informs the affected public of the risks they face is needed to motivate an increase in resilience and preparedness. Enhancing Resiliency Reducing risk through enhancing resilience requires an integrated planning process to make sure that structures are resilient to current and future hazards. Financial Preparedness Financial preparedness includes the concept of risk transfer to protect people’s livelihoods. Traditional insurance using risk-based pricing free from political intervention is an important part of the toolkit to enable faster recovery and reconstruction. Alternative preparedness measures include Micronesians; catastrophe bonds (cat bonds), which in parametric form can provide fast liquidity in times of crisis; and country level funds to help reduce public sector liability. Public Sector The public sector role depends on a country capacity to mitigate and respond to natural disasters. Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow Essay Example Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow Paper The unpredictable natural disasters’ effect on different industries and the wrong decisions that may follow the occurrence of such disasters may be due to: inaccurate forecasting of weather, inaccurate planning and risk analysis, also the governments and organizations over confidence in their ability to take decision and over come the risks. Also, insufficient financial support and miscommunication results in higher civil and human loss. As we examine the consequences of natural disasters several issues must be considered: * Many countries lack the knowledge, capacity and resources to deal with natural disasters. After a disaster the public sector is often paralyzed by damaged infrastructure and unable to cover the costs of emergency and relief efforts, let alone reconstruction work. * Lack of overall risk planning and investment in physical resilience measures, with too much focus on post-disaster response, leads to increased loss of life, suffering and damage. People in poor countries are generally more exposed to natural disasters, particularly through a higher dependency on agriculture and increased vulnerability to the natural environment. * Insurance penetration is high in developed countries. In lesser developed entries, the availability of insurance is limited and premiums are often not affordable. With less coverage, impacts from natural disasters can derail economic growth. There are several reasons for the increased vulnerability of societies to natural disasters: * Population growth: Between 1950 and 2010, world population grew from 2. 5 to 6. 9 billion,2 putting more people in harms way. * Location: Population growth has occurred in areas more prone to natural disasters, such as coastal areas and riverbanks. * arbitration: Poor urban planning, zoning and construction exacerbate the effects of natural disasters * Value: Economic velveteen brings higher asset values, thereby increasing the possible financial loss. Climate change: While there is not yet consensus in the scientific community whether and to what extent climate change increases the number and severity Of climatic events,5 there are several prominent studies suggesting that there exists a causal relationship, increasing risk uncertainty. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters and Decisions That Flow specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ill. List of Alternative course of actions: The unpredictable natural disasters and its consequences affect masses of people and require involvement of various sectors of country organizations to achieve ultimately successful results. Effective disaster management system should be in place which includes disaster prediction, disaster warning, disaster management and disaster relief. Implementation of the following measures can have a significant impact on the extent of suffering after a natural disaster: 1 . Clear vision for dealing with natural disasters. To increase knowledge and awareness of the population at large, the private sector and policy-makers to achieve behavior change. 2. Understanding the risk and mitigate risks through a variety of methods using both public and private means. 3. Enhanced physical resilience as a preventative step to reduce risk by hysterical measures, This is the only way to directly reduce the loss Of life and number of people affected. 4. Financial preparedness to reduce the long-term impact on economic development at the macro level as evidenced IV. Evaluation of Alternatives 1. Vision for dealing with natural disasters A vision of how various means of risk management could work together through â€Å"backward imaging†. Taking realistic natural disaster scenarios and apply best practice recommendations to develop a vision for the future. Ochs is on risk transfer solutions and enhanced risk resiliency. 1. 1 Data Comprehensive data is crucial throughout the natural disaster timeline for increasing awareness, finding effective resilience measures, early warning systems, efficient disaster response and resilient rebuilding. Capturing and mapping: The international community with local cooperation will implement a long-term programmer of global observation data. This data will include satellite observations and ground-based Observations to allow for Ð’Â «trustingÐ’Â » of the satellite data. Risk identification and assessment: Using open-access catastrophe modeling architecture and risk models created by the insurance industry and academia tit funding from UNFROCK adaptation funds, insurers and other risk pooling mechanisms will be able to assess risk and characterize the uncertainties surrounding their estimates. 1. 2 Awareness With good data, the public understands the need for preparation and risk reducing measures. Governments, the private sector and the media build awareness of risks and risk-mitigation principles at national, regional, and community levels. School awareness programmer: Schools play an important role. Children from a young age must understand the perils to which their communities are exposed and the appropriate response behaviors. Community awareness: Education in the community is required to ensure that awareness building continues in ad alt life. Communication: The media will run long-term campaigns on regional natural catastrophe risks, highlighting the benefit Of resilience and risk pooling measures. Multiple channels should be used, using resonating messaging to counter psychological tendencies of avoidance and denial, and foster behavioral change. 1. 3 Planning and prevention Planning and prevention require long lead times, especially for physical resilience projects. These large-scale projects and local community response Lana are both important to community awareness. Coordinating these measures to ensure effectiveness and efficient use of funds requires a central government figure, called in this report a â€Å"country risk officer. Country risk officers: Tasked with keeping up-to-date risk and asset data, they coordinate pre-disaster mitigation measures, such as building resilience, with financial preparedness Large-scale defense: Using risk maps, large-scale peril defense programmer are conducted in areas of high value or national importance, potentially contributed to by UNFROCK adaptation funds. Community-level defense: With awareness of risk, communities can work together on local measures, particularly where large-scale defenses are not possible. This may include avoiding construction in peril-prone areas,or making buildings temporary or peril-resilient in such areas. Individual-level defense: Some individuals and businesses may choose to adapt their properties, as they will see lower insurance premiums as a consequence if insurance premiums reflect risk. Assign liability in advance: Risk pooling organizations are able to reduce their prices because they have contract certainty due to clear liability laws enacted n advance. 1. 4 Risk transfer There are various options for risk management – avoidance, reduction, transfer or retention. Risk transfer is the underlying tenet for insurance markets, passing a liability onto another party (spreading the risk). Risk pooling is vital to the recovery of individuals, firms and economies following a natural disaster. 1. 5 During an event Actions taken immediately before and during an event are crucial for limiting impact on lives and livelihoods. These actions include last minute resilience measures, early warning systems, evacuation plans and efficient response measures. Early warning prior to an event: For some events (e. G. , flooding, tropical cyclones and tsunamis) early warning is possible; others are more of a surprise (e. . , earthquakes). Where early warning is possible, meteorological offices and other peril monitoring services send warning messages to a list of stakeholders for broader dissemination, and also post information on their websites. Mobile warning cascade: Peril-prone regions have free mobile technology early warning systems that cascade a series of warnings. Fast-evacuation warnings: Local police and coastguard remove people from high-risk areas (e. G. Off beaches in a tsunami). Prior emergency drills have informed all stakeholders what they are expected to do. The evacuation is orderly. 1. 6 Response The response phase begins after the post-disaster situation has stabilized and there is no longer imminent threat of loss of human life. The response phase focuses on restoring law and order, ensuring a secure environment and distributing resources and supplies. Order and control: Restoring law and order is crucial to an environment in which appropriate response measures can be taken. If civil society and security deteriorate it will be more difficult or impossible to distribute sources to those in need, unnecessarily prolonging suffering. Quick damage assessment: Satellite images provide an initial quick overview Of the damage. Liquidity pooling schemes pay out: If the event has triggered the pooling policies, funds, commodities and equipment are transferred within 15 days (or more quickly for critical equipment). Use of funds: The country risk officer implements the catastrophe response plan. Funds from pooling schemes are deployed to purchase necessary supplies. 1. 7 Recovery The recovery phase begins once the post-disaster situation has stabilized enough for activities focused on returning people and the economy to predigested or better levels. Recovery involves getting people and communities back on their feet, and ideally in a better position than before the disaster. Deploying loss adjusters: Using satellite and aerial photography loss adjusters decide whether they can pay claims remotely. There are a sufficient number of loss adjusters, provided by both public and private sectors. Resilient and sustainable rebuilding: The country risk officer issues guidelines on peril-resilient rebuilding. All new construction conforms to the code. Non- compliance results in non-payment of future risk pooling claims or building condemnation. Managed retreat: Some regions will not be re-populated to make green spaces or other mitigation schemes. The difficult question of whether to turn over damaged homes to these spaces is an important policy issue. Community adaptation measures: The opportunity to adapt regions will be taken at the time of large-scale rebuilding (e. G. , sustainable urban drainage). This is a unique opportunity to re-design for the future. Lessons learned: All stakeholders devote time and resources to learn lessons room the disaster about such things as evacuation processes, risk models, data, building performance under stress, etc. Results are freely disseminated for the benefit of the international community. Micromanage, structured loans and Micronesians: These financial products provide liquidity for affected individuals, initiating faster recovery and promoting self-sufficiency. 2. Understanding risk * Understanding the hazards and risks a community is exposed to is one Of the prerequisite recommendations in this report. Continued advancement in this understanding will allow for more focused and improved solutions across he disaster timeline. Ensuring that this knowledge is cascaded down to the local level creates awareness and initiates responsibility. Where possible, effective disaster preparedness and risk mitigation must start at an individual and community level. There are many stakeholders involved in building community awareness, Understanding how to use these channels effectively, often in combination with the media, will increase risk understanding and awareness Capturing risk data’s Establishing reliable data is the first step and involves multiple stakeholders. There are numerous gaps in the data that has been captured on multiple littorals and in various data sets around the world. Ra sing awareness Raising awareness is needed at the local community level. Different channels of communications that can reach individuals locally include the use of media, education, and community involvement. Small behavioral adaptations can result in large reductions in the impact to society. For leaseholders countries with high casualty rates, the importance of awareness understanding various need factors is critical. Organizations such as the Red Cross have significant expertise and capacity to help in countries where institutional capacity is not available. Physical Resilience Increasing physical resilience is an ongoing process for ensuring that structures, from large-scale infrastructure to individual buildings, are better prepared for natural disasters. This is an iterative process as cities and regions regenerate themselves, and as knowledge, technology and materials improve. Increasing resilience should be a priority for policy-makers to reduce loss of life and lessen economic loss. Physical resilience requires long-term planning at the national, regional, and local levels; between local governments; with rural and urban areas; and cross departments and agencies. Natural disasters know no boundaries and they cross government jurisdictions. 4. Financial preparedness Financial preparedness is a key element in a country’s overall resilience to natural disasters. It can reduce the long-term impact on economic development at the macro level. At the micro level it provides financial protection to individuals and businesses to reduce the impact on livelihoods. In addition to a functioning public policy and regulatory framework, insurance development depends on factors that define a country broader development strategy. Micronesians Micronesians, which protects low-income people from specific risks, is typically characterized by low premiums reflecting the pricing of focused coverage. Low-income people are often exposed to risks due to the nature of their livelihoods, for example, subsistence farming, or because they live In disaster-prone areas. Distribution High volume is a key to the insurance business model. Therefore, microsurgery need to partner with organizations With ties to the communities that they seek to serve to gain access to and build trust with potential customers. Financial literacy Explaining how insurance works can be difficult. It is also difficult to build trust with potential customers because the benefits of insurance are realized in the future. V. Conclusion and recommendations: Conclusion * Natural disasters affect all countries. However, in lesser-developed countries natural disasters cause disproportionate impact, killing thousands and threatening the livelihoods of those who survive, The variations in these effects between countries in there is a need to transfer knowledge, mobile financial resources and strengthen institutional capacity for natural disaster management in proactive and sustainable ways. However, there have been large variations in their societal impact, particularly on developing countries. Much work needs to be done at local, regional, national international level to improve preparation and response through enhanced resiliency and risk mitigation Accordingly, to reduce the impact of natural disasters, a multiculturalism approach is needed. At the heart of the recommendations is a desire to reduce the overall impact on society. Recommendations: To reduce the impact of natural disasters, a multiculturalism approach is needed. At the heart of the recommendations is a desire to reduce the overall impact on society. The success of that effort will depend on a number of factors: Raising Awareness Building awareness brings recognition of risk and initiates behavioral change. To begin the process one needs to collect appropriate data on risks, which needs to be made publicly available. Communicating the message in a way that informs the affected public of the risks they face is needed to motivate an increase in resilience and preparedness. Enhancing Resiliency Reducing risk through enhancing resilience requires an integrated planning process to make sure that structures are resilient to current and future hazards. Financial Preparedness Financial preparedness includes the concept of risk transfer to protect people’s livelihoods. Traditional insurance using risk-based pricing free from political intervention is an important part of the toolkit to enable faster recovery and reconstruction. Alternative preparedness measures include Micronesians; catastrophe bonds (cat bonds), which in parametric form can provide fast liquidity in times of crisis; and country level funds to help reduce public sector liability. Public Sector The public sector role depends on a country capacity to mitigate and respond to natural disasters.

Free Essays on Tobacco Ads

Tobacco Ads Target Youth Everyday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent of all adult smokers said that they first lit up as teenagers (Roberts). These statistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobacco wars. The cigarette manufacturers may deny it, but advertising and promotion play a vital part in making these facts a reality (Roberts). The kings of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a fictional western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a high-rolling, swinging cartoon character. Joe Camel, the "smooth character" from R.J. Reynolds, who is shown as a dromedary with complete style has been attacked by many Tobacco-Free Kids organizations as a major influence on the children of America. Dr. Lonnie Bristow, AMA (American Medical Association) spokesman, remarks that "to kids, cute cartoon characters mean that the product is harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their ads are influencing the youth under 18 to begin smoking"(Breo). Researchers at the Medical College of Georgia report that almost as many 6-year olds recognize Joe Camel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is very shocking information for any parent to hear. The industry denies that these symbols target people under 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. Many people disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who states " If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companies will be in trouble and they know it "(Roberts). So what do the tobacco companies do to keep their industry alive and well? Seemingly, they go toward a market that is not fully aware of the harm that cigarettes are capable of. U... Free Essays on Tobacco Ads Free Essays on Tobacco Ads Tobacco Ads Target Youth Everyday 3,000 children start smoking, most them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids account for 90 percent of all new smokers. In fact, 90 percent of all adult smokers said that they first lit up as teenagers (Roberts). These statistics clearly show that young people are the prime target in the tobacco wars. The cigarette manufacturers may deny it, but advertising and promotion play a vital part in making these facts a reality (Roberts). The kings of these media ploys are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a fictional western character called The Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a high-rolling, swinging cartoon character. Joe Camel, the "smooth character" from R.J. Reynolds, who is shown as a dromedary with complete style has been attacked by many Tobacco-Free Kids organizations as a major influence on the children of America. Dr. Lonnie Bristow, AMA (American Medical Association) spokesman, remarks that "to kids, cute cartoon characters mean that the product is harmless, but cigarettes are not harmless. They have to know that their ads are influencing the youth under 18 to begin smoking"(Breo). Researchers at the Medical College of Georgia report that almost as many 6-year olds recognize Joe Camel as know Mickey Mouse (Breo). That is very shocking information for any parent to hear. The industry denies that these symbols target people under 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. Many people disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who states " If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companies will be in trouble and they know it "(Roberts). So what do the tobacco companies do to keep their industry alive and well? Seemingly, they go toward a market that is not fully aware of the harm that cigarettes are capable of. U...

PEST(LE) Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PEST(LE) Analysis - Essay Example The above acquisition enabled the entity to have access to Safeway’s massive resources. This allowed Morrison to add its outlet and capture additional clientele. The acquisition was a strategic step that sought to kick-start its expansion across England (Morrison 2012). Safeway had stores in southern England and Scotland. This was a strategic acquisition since the Safeway gave Morrison a chance to challenge the supremacy of its competitor in the Southern region and Scotland subsequently kick-starting Morrison’s expansion strategy. The acquisition increased the quantity of Morrison’s stores. Consequently, the entity could avail its products to the southern regions. The entity also sought to increase its profitability by increasing its operational efficiencies. Morrison evaluated the profitability of it stores and disposed those that were reducing its profitability and overall efficiency. Operational efficiency is vital in retail businesses. Operational efficiency ensures that an entity capital is put into profitable activities. Therefore, the entity disposed off some of its stores. This allowed the entity’s management to focus on stores with potential to bring in additional clientele (Morrison 2011). Morrison further terminated its venture with British Petroleum (BP). Morrison had entered into a venture with BP. The venture allowed the entity to create open stores on BP’s petrol stations. ... The expansion of the entity did not only entail increasing its sales but also increasing the value the entity offers to the clients. Additionally, it sought to improve its procedures ensuring that they can handle its undertaking appropriately. Proper management and efficiency were catalysts to the expansion of the entity. The management ensured that the entity could attract additional clientele through marketing (branding) and maintaining an ideal corporate image (Morrison 2010). PEST Analysis This is a technique, which enables an analyst to evaluate the position of an entity in relation to certain factors, which determine the fortunes of an entity. The factors include political, economic, socio-cultural and technological factors. Political/legal Factors Morrison conforms to the company act, which contains provisions that elaborate the formation and operation of such an entity. If the entity infringes any of the clauses of this law, then the entity would face numerous legal consequen ces. The entity initiated its operations in the agricultural sector. Consequently, considerable portions of the entity’s products are from the agricultural sector. Such products face numerous laws as authorities endeavour to protect the citizenry. The entity has to ensure that its food products meet the required health standard. The health sector has instituted numerous laws, which seek to secure the safety of the citizens. Additionally, the entity faces countless laws pertaining to the sale of alcohol. The entity was labelled reluctant in the implementation of laws pertaining to sale of alcohol. As such, the entity was instructed to demand identification documents from individuals purchasing alcohol

Gay rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gay rights - Research Paper Example In their defense, the supporters of the Florida Marriage Amendment emphasize the benefits of dual-gender childbearing and also point towards the role of dual-gender marriage in procreation. A major moral argument has been thrust upon the United States in attempting to justify such state laws as the Florida Marriage Protection Amendment. Not surprisingly, the main backers of the amendment include state churches and pro-family organizations. Florida Marriage Protection Amendment should be repealed because it violates the very basic principles on which this country was built such as the right to liberty and the right for the pursuit of happiness. The law in Florida implies one can choose his or her life partner only from the opposite sex if he or she wants the union to be officially sanctioned by the state. Same-sex couples are experiencing the unfortunate hindrance of their own natural rights as a basis for the state to place a moral compass upon its citizens. By effectively eliminatin g a same-sex couple’s right to marriage, this amendment to state law deprives the same-sex couples numerous financial and non-financial benefits that come with marriage such as joint tax filings, savings on various types of insurance, support payments, and numerous promotional offers offered by commercial enterprises to married couples. This has produced an environment conducive to state-sanctioned discrimination against same-sex couples by denying them the financial and legal rights available to their dual-gender counterparts. The law gives support to the notion that homosexuality is a lifestyle as argued by religious institutions and not a natural phenomenon as argued by the scientific establishment. In other words, gay individuals are believed by the Florida state establishment to be engaging in a lifestyle by choice as opposed to by a fixed destiny based on genetics from birth. The laws are usually intended to protect society from the harmful consequences of one personâ⠂¬â„¢s actions. Human beings are reasonable creatures and thus, perfectly capable of evaluating the potential consequences of their actions. Therefore, it makes sense to hold one person responsible for the harm done to the society as a consequence of his or her own risky behavior. However, the laws attempt to draw a delicate line between individual freedom and one’s rights towards the society. This may explain why not all risky behaviors are regulated in truly democratic societies. While the goal is typically to protect every person within a society, it must also be to provide each person with the natural inalienable rights as set forth by that society’s government and its people. Its people must determine which rights are necessary. As an example, excessive alcoholic consumption can be fatal but there are no laws dictating how many drinks one can drink in a certain period of time but laws do discourage irresponsible behaviors such as drunk driving. Even though both ar e risky behaviors, in the first case, the risk is born by the same person performing the action while in the second case, the risk is involuntarily transferred to the society. The same reasoning could be applied to smoking laws, traffic laws, and numerous other health regulations. By the same logic, same sex marriage is a private matter that does no direct harm to the safety or security of society.

Employee Turnover Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Turnover - Dissertation Example The study would also highlight whether, the management has a key role in mitigating the turnover effect or not. Research Process & Strategy Identify the problem Set the objectives Develop the Research Plan Data collection Analysis of Data Finding (results) Source : Kothari , 2008 A literature review was undertaken to investigate the influences and motivational forces that increase employee turnover. Further the link was established in order to find a relationship between the established theories and people own personal opinions. According to Marchington & Wilkinson (2005) the best and most reliable information given by employees is done so by exploring their own personal views. The literature review had enabled me to gather and link a good amount of research from theorists who have researched employee retention in depth. The above mentioned steps are executed systematically to achieve the desired goals and objectives. The first step in the research process is to identify the problem and set objective carefully and agree on the research objective. In an investigative and descriptive study as the one in particular can frame the objectives by breaking them into various investigative questions as stated in the above research objective section (Goddard W & Melville S, 2004). ... It is most expensive and most prone to error. The fourth step in research process is to analyze the collected data. The last step in the research process is that the representation of findings or ultimate deduction of the analysis drawn. According to the nature of research problem, it is beneficial to emphasize more on qualitative data rather than quantitative data. It is a proven fact that human behavior can be complex, interactive and consist of indescribable and illogical aspects (Goulding, 2002) particularly when discussing personal experiences. Denzin & Lincoln (no date) found that qualitative research is a method for examination, contribution, interviewing, and ethnography. It serves as a metaphor for majestic knowledge, for strength and for the truth (Denzin & Lincoln, no date), it really depends on the size of data you need. Both quantitative and qualitative are scientific, and the results will deliver a similar result, but each method has a different approach, and the result s are presented differently to the reader. Data Collection: Collection of data is one of the important aspects of research methodology. This consists of gathering the data from various sources. Types of data & Analysis: Data is important to collect the necessary information. Data may be of two types: primary and secondary data. Secondary data is one of the parts of research methodology through which information about the project can be collected. This particular research would be based both on the secondary and primary data information, different sources such as Journals, Books, Newspaper, Magazines, Internet, Articles and all authentic published relevant material would be referred for the accomplishment of the objectives and goals of the current project related to the

Evidence based practice and the reflective practice

Evidence based practice and the reflective practice From my point of view, I believe that the two main sorts of research evidence that could inform educational practices are the evidence based practice and the reflective practice. I still have on my mind the words of Ravitch, I am deeply grateful that my treatment was based on medical research and not education research. Otherwise, I would not be here to tell my tale (Ravitch, 1998, p.33) and her insistence from her experience that educators have something to learn from physicians as she was also educators. The evidence based practice was first introduced on medical research as evidence-based medicine. Their main source was the development of a particular kind of medical research the randomised controlled trial (RCT) which was designed as a way to assess the value of new drugs in order to check the claims of their manufacturers (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.18). However, there is a movement in the late 1990s, in several countries and also in the UK, for both educational practice and educational policy to become more evidence-based-or at least evidence-informed (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.15). From my own experience of teaching prof essional practice has always been informed by evidence. What we teach on the class is based on evidence. It is a fact that reliance on a body of scientific knowledge has been treated as a defining feature of any profession, and has figured largely in the attempts by many occupations to gain this status. Looking back, in the beginning of the twentieth century it was taken to be one of the traits that marked professions off from other occupations (Flexner, 1915). The movement for evidence-based practice does not repeat the ideas of the definition of a profession, it does involve distinctive requirements. It proposes that practice should be guided much more directly by research evidence than previously. Furthermore, education as a profession, or a collection of professions, has always been a complex and contested one. It is well known that, in most countries, schoolteachers have never gained any autonomy and power achieved by other professions such as lawyers and doctors. In addition, the main body of knowledge on which their practice was supposed to be based was very often subject knowledge. Thus, in recent decades, in the UK and some other societies, a weak grasp of subject knowledge on the part of primary-school teachers, especially in the areas of science and mathematics, has been held responsible for what has been identified as poor levels of educational performance (Traianou, 2007, p.11). In contrast to this, research knowledge has been shaping the educational practice well before the evidence-based practice began. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, the two famous educational researchers have worked a few decades ago and their ideas have been generated diverse recommendations for educational practice. It is obvious since Piagets name often has been invoked by advocates of discovery learning and progressive education two approaches that strongly emphasise the autonomy of the learner. Furthermore, his work also highlights the important role that cognitive structures play in childrens learning, and, more generally, that what learners learn will depend on where they are starting from (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.18). At this point, it is also important to mention that Vygotsky drew on Piagets work, and they both believed that learners should actively construct their understanding of the world. They both denied that learning is a passive response to external stimuli but it has implications well beyond the contex t of childrens learning. Indeed, it carries an important message about all forms of education. In addition, Hargreaves literally mentions Teaching is not at present research-based profession and he continues I have no doubt that if it were, teaching would be more effective and more satisfying (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.3). The medical profession has gained a lot of prestige lately due to the growth of its research which mainly is based on evidence based practice. In contrast, the teaching profession did not take such a step. Very rarely, teachers would look on other professional fields to examine and learn from their structure (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.4). As a teacher, I certainly understand that even though we heavily rely on what we learn from our own experiences which are private trials which might be right or wrong. In contrast, in the evidence based medicine process they convert the information needs into answerable questions, track down with the maximum efficiency the best evidence with which to answer, critically appraise that evidence for its validity and usefulness, apply the results and evaluate performance (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.13). Reflective practice can be traced way back before the twentieth century, while much of what is involved in the notion, for example the idea of phronesis outlined by Aristotle. However, the statement by Schà ¶n that In recent years there has been a growing perception that researchers, who are supposed to feed the professional schools with useful knowledge, have less and less to say that practitioners find useful(Schà ¶n, 1987, p. 10) does really disturb a lot since the reflective practice was happened a long before and has not just developed. Furthermore, Schà ¶n stated that it is modified by reflection-in-action (the ability to think about what one is doing while doing it) and reflection-on-action (the capacity to reflect after the event on what has happened and on its implications for ones practice) (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.41). Developing these abilities, these forms of reflection that professional skill and wisdom can be built up in the course of experience, an d these capacities are important because real-world problems do not usually present themselves in ways that would match the technical knowledge produced by research. The notion of reflective practice has been under different names in the early 1970s, came to the fore in the 1980s through the works of Schà ¶n, Valli and Elliott. This notion places as much emphasis on teachers own evaluation of their practices as on the planning and management skills into which such evaluation feeds( Moore, in Hammersley, 2009, p.122). One of the recent recommended techniques in the reflective practitioner discourse is the developing of teachers own diary or journal that can systematically reflect. With this method, teachers can improve themselves and develop their own valid teaching method. As usual, the introduction of new ideas was accepted by less experienced teachers rather than more experienced ones. As Mitchell and Weber (1996) stated experience teachers suggest that they are just likely to cause concern, confusion and misguided behaviour through their over-personalization of teaching activity (Mitchell and Weber, 1996, p.34). Up to this point, I have described the two main sorts of research evidence that could inform educational practice. Furthermore, I will mention differences and significant similarities. Hargreaves and others who have concerned how research serves evidence based practice are not simply putting forward a particular view of the relationship between research and practice. It is clear that they think educational research needs to change in character, although neither Ravitch nor Hargreaves insists that it must take the form of randomised controlled trials (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.26). However, from the point of view of advocating evidence-based practice, the practices of professionals are based on knowledge that must be eliminated in favour of procedures determined by sound, scientifically validated research evidence. In contrast, Schà ¶ns perspective, those traditional practices are seen as skilful and principled strategies that cannot be bettered by the substitution of research based knowledge; rather, they can only be improved by further reflection in and on professional practice (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.41). In addition, Moore sugge sts that, the reflective practitioner discourse was not influential in official circles during his times. He insists that there are connections between each model and particular approaches to educational research. In a sense, the competences discourse has an affinity with quantitative method, and the reflective practitioner model with qualitative method (Moore, in Hammersley, 2009, p.127). In my opinion, I believe that there could be another similarity due to the fact that both are considered to be unrepresentative. It cant be presumed that all subjects taking part in RCT trials are representative of the people who will eventually be taking the drug or treatment and the data that a teacher personally gathers from his/her own classroom conditions cannot be presumed to apply to all conditions. Both of them have the same goals which are to enrich the corpus of knowledgeand to inform educational practice. Also, they both rely on philosophical grounds positivist one and interpretivist (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.79). On the other, it cannot be presumed that all subjects taking part in RCT trials are representative of the people who will eventually be taking the drug or treatment and the data that a teacher personally gathers from his/her own classroom conditions cannot be presumed to apply to all conditions. Nevertheless, it seems to me that they share a lot o f points in common, such as theirposition with theory, which they dont question as both tend to look at teaching strategies rather than the sense of teaching and what is taught. To sum up, I would not disagree that RCTs provide measurable outcomes, and the reflective discourse emphasises the practitioners experience, this doesnt mean that it ignores the skills and techniques needed but that it tries to look at the wider picture. so if their spectrum of research and practice is limited what part does critical theory of research play as I see it to be connected to reflective practice. The Cyprus educational system unfortunately has been very weak as far as the new teachers are concerned, especially the ones that teach in secondary and high schools. A lot of them enter the teaching classrooms without any educational experience apart from the fact that they are graduates of universities. The same fact has happened to me also. Suddenly, I found myself from the hotel industry to teach in the school hotel labs and classrooms. From that day on I had to find a way of how I could become more effective within the classroom and be more efficient with my students. Having studied part one of the study guide for the course I am more confident to explain which methods I use during my teaching courses. However, I remember that I always mention to my colleagues that the teaching plans I have, are never stable. Every time I conclude with the lessons, I keep change them. I used to judge myself (reflective) what went right and what needed a change and I was doing it. Without realisi ng, I was using the reflective method and in a sense I was improving myself. However, as a teacher in a technical and vocational school, I spend most of my teaching hours in the lab rather than in the normal classrooms. From what I have studied up to now, I find myself that I used both educational methods of teaching, i.e. evidence based practice and reflective methods, not only for improving my teaching methods but also for the benefits of my students. The evidence-based practice, I use it a lot when I teach Food technology, Wine making or Food and Drink cost course. In all these courses the results from previous statistics which can be found through research are very useful not only for the teacher but for the students also. For instance, in order to produce good quality wine the evidence shows that there are certain parameters which are very essential such as the % of the sugar on the grapes, or how many days they should stay for fermentation, and e.t.c. This is happening with all the above mentioned courses and believe me students understand better when I use evidence-based practice because I can claim that throughout the years the research experience on developing the course has never been wrong. On the other hand, reflective practice is mostly used in the labs. Since a lot of the students work is done within the lab with practice on the lab exercises. I usually teach cooking and baking. All the other vocational teachers as well as I, were using reflective practice even though we could not understand that we were using it. What do we usually do? We explain to our students how things should be prepared, cooked and be ready to be served. As a teacher, I know from the beginning how the final product should be since I have worked through the reflective practice many times. I explain to the students the process and the directions needed to be followed and I guide them throughout the lesson. A single mistake or a small misunderstanding from the students, results are off truck. This can happen not only with cooking and baking but also with carpentry, electricians and any other specialization existing in the technical and vocational schools. References E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, (2007), The Open University Flexner, A. (1915) Is social work a profession?, paper presented at the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections at the Fortysecond Annual Session held in Baltimore, Maryland, May 12-19, Chicago, Hildmann. Hargreaves, D. (2007) Teaching as a research-based profession: possibilities and prospects (The Teacher Training Agency Lecture 1996) in Educational Research and Evidence-based Practice By in Hammersley, M, 2009, Sage Publication, London. Mitchell, C. and Weber, S. (1996) Reinventing Ourselves as Teachers: Private and Social Acts of Memory an Imagination, London: Falmer Press. Moore, A. (2007) Beyond reflection: contingency, idiosyncrasy and reflexivity in initial teacher education in Educational Research and Evidence-based Practice By in Hammersley, M, 2009, Sage Publication, London. Ravitch, D. (1998) What if research really mattered?, Education Week, 16 December, vol. 18, no. 16, p. 33. Schà ¶n, D. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner, San Francisco, Jossey Bass. Traianou, A. (2007) Understanding Teacher Expertise in Primary Science: A Sociocultural Approach, Rotterdam, Sense Publishers.