Jazz History George Gershwin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jazz History George Gershwin - Essay Example He started his musical training at the age of 13, and was so enthusiastic about it that he dropped out of the school at the age of 15 to work at Tin Pan Alley, a music publishing firm owned by Jerome H. Remick. "Since I found you" and "Raggin' the Traumeri" were the first two songs that George tried to publish but wasn't so lucky. Later on, he was able to get his song "When you want 'em you can't get 'em when you've got 'em you can't get 'em" published but wasn't able to make much impression on the public. First real fame came to him when Al Jolson popularized his song "Swanee" in 1919. Another notable success for him was in 1920, when he was hired to write music for "Scandals". Eventually, George and his elder brother Ira, together, were one of the dominant songwriters of the Broadway. His works such as, Oh, Kay! (1926), Funny Face (1927), Strike Up the Band (1927 & 30), Girl Crazy (1930) and Of Thee I Sing (1931) are one of the few that are worth mentioning. But his most outstanding work was "Rhapsody in Blue" for Paul Whitman Orchestra which opened a new era in the music by bringing Jazz into mainstream music and established it as a credible music genre. Later on he composed "Concerto in F" for New York Symphony Society, which is also considered one of his wonderful works amongst others such as "An American in Paris" and "Second Rhapsody". One of the interesting works he did was folk opera by the name of "Peggy and Bess" along with co-writers, Ira Greshwin, DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, which made its way to Broadway on 10th October, 1935. Disaster struck in July, 1937. George was admitted to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital where he was diagnosed with a brain tumor and was operated. He could not survive and was pronounced dead on 11th July, 1937. His last song "Love is here to stay", is here to stay in the hearts of every one who knew him. In conclusion, Gershwin has always been inspired with the classical European music and he elegantly combined it with something that originated in the gatherings of the African-American communities and managed to bring it into opera houses and Broadway while at the same time inspiring many others. Few of them such as Frank Sinatra, Nina Simone, Bing Crosby and Sting have recorded many of his songs. Many musicians like Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis and many more have admired his work by depicting it in their work. In an article by John Rockwell in New York Times, 1987, praises Gershwin by citing Paul Simon's example as how this folk-rock artist carries forward the legacy of the great legend in his work "Graceland". Furthermore, in the same article he says, "If Gershwin didn't push the boundaries of classical music forward in his concert pieces(sic), he at least aspired to transcend the song forms and the limited harmonic language he started with. And that is something that today's ambitious pop art-song composers like Mr. Simon, David Byrne, Stevie Wonder and even Bruce Springsteen could profitably learn from him." In 2007, Library of Congress created Greshwin Prize in the memory of Gershwin brothers, for the artists with lifetime contribution to popular music. So far Paul McCartney (2009), Stevie Wonder (2008) and Paul Simon (2007) have been the three recipients. Works Cited "George Gershwin." The Official Website of George and Ira Gershwin. 2007. Web. 23 Nov, 2010.

Principles of Democracy Essay Example for Free

Principles of Democracy Essay 1. Bill of Rights This document explains guaranteed freedoms to all people in the country and gives limited power to the government. It protects the people from a government who try to abuse its power. 2. Economic Freedom Economic freedom allows some private ownership of property and businesses. People are allowed to choose their own work and to join labor union. 3. Equality Equality is having all individuals valued equally, have equal opportunities, and no discrimination of their race, religion, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. All people are equal before the law and have equal protection of the law without discrimination. 4. Human Rights Movement: Everyone has the right to move within the borders of their country and to leave and return to his or her country. Religion: Everyone has the freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. The people can change their religion or not worship or hold religious beliefs. Speech: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. Assembly: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. 5. Multi-Party Systems A multi-party system allows for organized opposition to the party that wins the election. It provides the government with different viewpoints on issues and provides voters with a choice of candidates, parties, and policies. 6. Regular Free and Fair Elections Elected officials are chosen by the people in a free and fair manner. Regardless of the people’s race, gender, ethnicity, and level of wealth, most adult citizens should have the right to vote and to run for office. 7. The Rule of Law No one is above the law. Everyone must obey the law and will be held accountable if they violate it including a king, president, police officer, or member of the military.

Different Teaching Styles in Physical Education Essay -- Physical Educ

How would the quality of teaching for a physical education class be judged? In a math class, you might judge the quality by how fast the students can comprehend the material being taught. In a writing class you may judge the quality by the way the students construct their sentences. But in a physical education class the best way to judge the quality of teaching is translated into the amount of fun the class is having. Certain teaching styles will work best in this environment. From the book The Spectrum of teaching styles, From Command to Discovery, written by Muska Mosston, he explains that there are a variety of teaching styles. These styles are all a part of the Spectrum of Learning. The spectrum of learning is defined as â€Å"the framework for teaching where the term teaching style was selected to differentiate the descriptions of specific teaching behavior.†(Mosston, 1986) Mosston explains that through the process of decision-making, we are left with eleven styles of teaching on the spectrum. â€Å"Mosston’s analyses showed that for any style a teacher might choose, certain aspects or possibilities of the teaching-learning situation were facilitated while other as4pects were diminished.† (Thomson, 2009) meaning there are both strengths and weaknesses of each teaching style. The styles are, The Command style, The Practice Style, The Reciprocal Style, The Self-check Style, The Inclusion Style, The Guided Discovery Style, The Diver gent Style, The Convergent Discovery style, The Divergent Production Style, Learner Designed Individual Program Style, The Learner Initiated Style, and The Self Teaching Style. Each style is unique in its own way and each is practiced in teaching. (Mosston, 1986) Although, it is apparent that there are seve... ... styles in physical education are successful only when the students are having fun. Based on research the teaching style that is most successful is the command style of teaching. Although, there are several that can be used to also enhance the amount of fun that is had. Works Cited Mosston, M., & Ashworth, S. (1986). The Spectrum of Teaching Styles From Command to Discovery (Third Edition ed. , pp. 1-20). Columbus Ohio: Merrill Publishing Company. Winnick, J. P. (2005). Adapted Physical Education and Sport (Vol. 1, 4th ed., pp. 107-108) Cai, S. (1998). Student enjoyment of physical education class in three.. Education, 118(3), 412. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. Thomson, W. (2009). Mosston's Styles of Teaching: A Review of Command Style. Virginia Journal, 30(2), 20-22. Retrieved from SPORTDiscus with Full Text database.

Contract la w

Businesses need to plan their affairs relying on the fact that contracts can be enforced In order to malting the web of Interdependent relationships. Contracts are a way of enforcing agreements. One needs to anticipate the future as In thinking what can go right and what can go wrong, cause It allows one to project into the future e. G wanting things to work out a certain way in the future, and so a contract can be used to have people do things into the future or protect you from things that can go wrong in the future.It's not Just a reactive thing but It gives one the possibility of planning Into the future. It has a wealth mastication function also since it is an exchange of goods and services to someone who values them the most such as one values the object In a store more than the money in ones pocket and the store values the money In ones pocket than the object they have in their store (objective and subjective approach egg when determining the value of something).This as such c reates wealth in society by moving goods and services to those who value it more. One flaw however is transaction cost such as advertisement cost etc, so contracts do not come for free it takes time and effort. The biggest transaction cost in interact Is legal cost. Efficiency – certainty (structure) – needed for a proper contract. Is there and agreement? – Objective approach is taken, what would a neutral person think looking at the transaction.A Judge does not have to prove fault or negligence the only thing required in a contract case is one agreeing to do one thing in contract but fails to follow that agreement and as such one is entitled to sue the other in breach of contract. No need for fault or intentional wrongdoing. It all flows from agreement, not about fault, it is about agreement and breach of the said agreement. Is it legally enforceable? Some agreements are Just not enforced legally such as two friends making an agreement. Entitled to sue and get a remedy when another person to that contract fails to carry out their part.Contract is important due to the remedy that is given. Remedy – one remedy is being put back in the place you were before the contract was executed, another is where one is put in the expected position meaning the position one would be in had the contract been properly carried out usually wanted by the claimants, as it relates to the defendant one asks how much they have gained as in getting more money but the principle is that one should not gain from reaching a contract, another approach is the moral approach where it is immoral to breach a promise since a contract is where promises are made.Punitive (punishing for wrong performance) is usually non-existent however countries such as the USA suing for punitive damages is available. Contract law takes an expectation approach rather than a reliance approach. Hire someone agrees to pay a fee for their service, they spent some money advertising the event and selling the ticket, performer offered a better deal and so breach the contract by taking the other Job and as such they breached the contract for their original performance and so tickets needed to be refunded.As it relates to reliance approach one can claim money was waste don advertisement and service fee all of which are reliance loss however as it relates to expectation one looks at the money that they could have gained from the ticket selling whilst still taking into consideration the money paid for advertising and service and so one is claiming for the expectation loss for the ticket that could have been sold. Either they person performs what they promise or one is put in the position had he performed it properly.Expectation interest allows one to plan based on the contract. Reliance interest – expectation protect ones ability to rely on a contract. As it relates to reliance loss one has to prove that had he not made the contract with one he would have made the con tract with the same benefit from another agreement. Reliance can be used also where the contract is formed in a unfair manner such as duress since one would not want to be put in the position had the contract been carried out one would want to be put in a position before the contract was made.

An Evaluation of Immanuel Kant’s “The Enlightenment”

In the essay â€Å"What is Enlightenment,† Immanuel Kant (1784) cited his views on â€Å"enlightenment† and how it affects the general public. He wrote:  Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another.Kant asserted that it is only after an individual liberates himself from guidance of others that he will be able to use the freedom he wants to exercise. In carrying out his duty, for example, man can argue but he cannot revolt as it most definitely will result to failure.Public and Private ReasoningTalking about achievement of enlightenment, Kant identified two types of reasoning: public and private. Public reasoning is being utilized when an individual makes an argument for the purpose of marking progress. On t he other hand, rational workers who use reason in completing their specific jobs exercise private reasoning as the public need not know about their use of reasoning. Besides, people who make use of private reasoning must know how to obey otherwise the completion of the task is impossible.Many examples have been cited by Kant in explaining the difference between public and private reasoning. An example is when military men refused to follow commands. If this happens, their group could no longer be considered military. In a different case, a soldier may follow commands which contrast his personal beliefs but later on will critique what he believes. In this example, he exercises private reasoning in following the commands while his public use of reasoning is demonstrated in voicing out his complaints.As Lewis Beck (1959) wrote:Kant seemed to favor public reasoning over private reasoning as he stated that the public use of one’s reason alone can bring about enlightenment among me n. The private use of reason, on the other hand, may often be very narrowly restricted without particularly hindering the progress of enlightenment.  An example involving clergymen and the case of changing the symbol of the church was provided. Kant described clergyman’s performance of duties as a private use of reason while making use of public reasoning in fulfilling his responsibilities to the public in making progress. He stated, â€Å"For if he believed he had found such in them, he could not conscientiously discharge the duties of his office; he would have to give it up.†Enlightened Age or Age of Enlightenment?According to Kant, we do not live in an enlightened age, but rather an age of enlightenment. He stressed:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"As things now stand, much is lacking which prevents men form being, or easily becoming, capable of correctly using their own reason in religious matters with assurance and free from outside direction. But, on the other hand, we have clear in dications that the field has now been opened wherein men may freely deal with these things and that the obstacles to general enlightenment or the release from self-imposed tutelage are gradually being reduced.†His assertion gave a clearer picture of the difference between an enlightened age and an age of enlightenment. In the former, people become religious without clergymen because they would know when to follow rules and when to disobey them. During the age of enlightenment, however, people make progress by utilizing both kinds of reasoning which eventually results in competence or the balance of both public and private use of reason. We must know how to determine when it is right to obey and right to argue. It enables us to become the managers of our own freedom.Strengths and Weaknesses of Kant’s ArgumentsKant offered several brilliant ideas in his essay. Specifically, his notions about public and private use of reasoning help us gain management of our own freedom. A nd if we know how to live by the rules of reasoning, we will be competent. This later on translates into moving closer to an enlightened age.  While there are really good points in his work, I disagree with some of his views. I personally do not approve of the statement that an enlightened individual should be one who is free of having anything done for him. I strongly believe that man is naturally dependent of other people. We as social beings still have to learn from others and must know how to follow rules in the society. It is never wrong to accept the guidance of others as long as we know that it will eventually result to marking personal progress which shall then help in recording societal progress. ReferencesBeck, Lewis. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals. Kant, Immanuel. What is Enlightenment. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, 1959.Beck, Lewis. Studies in the Philosophy of Kany. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, 1956.

Definition and Examples of Information Content

Definition and Examples of Information Content In linguistics and information theory, the term information content refers to the amount of information conveyed by a particular unit of language in a particular context. An example of information content, suggests  Martin H.  Weik, is the meaning assigned to the data in a message (Communications Standard Dictionary, 1996). As Chalker and Weiner point out in the Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar (1994), The notion of information content is related to statistical probability. If a unit is totally predictable then, according to information theory, it is informationally redundant and its information content is nil. This is actually true of the to particle in most contexts (e.g. What are you going . . . do?). The concept of information content was first systematically examined in Information, Mechanism, and Meaning  (1969)  by British  physicist and information theorist  Donald M. MacKay. Greetings One of the essential functions of language is to enable members of a speech community to maintain social relations with one another, and greetings are a very straightforward way of doing this. Indeed, an appropriate social interchange may well consist entirely of greetings, without any communication of information content. (Bernard Comrie, On Explaining Language Universals. The New Psychology of Language: Cognitive and Functional Approaches to Language Structures, ed. by Michael Tomasello. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003) Functionalism Functionalism . . . dates back to the early twentieth century and has its roots in the Prague School of Eastern Europe. [Functional frameworks] differ from the Chomskyan frameworks in emphasizing the information content of utterances, and in considering language primarily as a system of communication. . . . Approaches based on functional frameworks have dominated European study of SLA [Second Language Acquisition] and are widely followed elsewhere in the world. (Muriel Saville-Troike, Introducing Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Propositions For our purposes here, the focus will be on declarative sentences such as (1) Socrates is talkative. Plainly, utterances of sentences of this type are a direct way of conveying information. We shall call such utterances statements and the information-content conveyed by them propositions. The proposition expressed by an utterance of (1) is (2) That Socrates is talkative. Provided the speaker is sincere and competent, her utterance of (1) could also be taken to express a belief with the content that Socrates is talkative. That belief then has exactly the same information content as the speakers statement: it represents Socrates as being in a certain way (namely, talkative). (Names, Descriptions, and Demonstratives. Philosophy of Language: The Central Topics, ed. by Susana Nuccetelli and Gary Seay. Rowman Littlefield, 2008) The Information Content of Childrens Speech [T]he linguistic utterances of very young children are limited in both length and information content (Piaget, 1955). Children whose sentences are limited to one to two words may request food, toys or other objects, attention, and help. They may also spontaneously note or name objects in their environment and ask or answer questions of who, what or where (Brown, 1980). The information content of these communications, however, is sparse and limited to actions experienced by both listener and speaker and to objects known to both. Usually, only one object or action is requested at a time. As linguistic lexicon and sentence length increase, so too does information content (Piaget, 1955). By four to five years, children may request explanations about causality, with the proverbial why questions. They may also describe their own actions verbally, give others brief instructions in sentence format, or describe objects with a series of words. Even at this stage, however, children have difficulty making themselves understood unless the actions, objects, and events are known to both speaker and hearer. . . . Not until the elementary school years of seven to nine can children fully describe events to listeners unfamiliar with them by incorporating large amounts of information in appropriately structured series of sentences. It is also at this time that children become capable of debating and absorbing factual knowledge transmitted by formal education or other non-experiential means. (Kathleen R. Gibson, Tool Use, Language and Social Behavior in Relationship to Information Processing Abilities. Tools, Language, and Cognition in Human Evolution, ed. by Kathleen R. Gibson and Tim Ingold. Cambridge University Press, 1993) Input-Output Models of Information Content Most any empirical belief . . . will be richer in information content than the experience that led to its acquisitionand this on any plausible account of the appropriate information measures. This is a consequence of the philosophical commonplace that the evidence a person has for an empirical belief rarely entails the belief. While we may come to believe that all armadillos are omnivorous by observing the eating habits of a fair sample of armadillos, the generalization is not implied by any number of propositions attributing various tastes to particular armadillos. In the case of mathematical or logical beliefs, it is rather harder to specify the relevant experiential input. But again it seems that on any appropriate measure of information content the information contained within our mathematical and logical beliefs outruns that contained in our total sensory history. (Stephen Stich, The Idea of Innateness. Collected Papers, Volume 1: Mind and Language, 1972-2010. Oxford University Press, 2011) Also  See MeaningCommunication  and  Communication ProcessConversational ImplicatureIllocutionary ForceLanguage Acquisition

Burnout In the Work Environment Essay Sample

Burnout In the Work Environment Essay Sample Burnout And Its Relevant Causes In the Work Environment Essay Burnout And Its Relevant Causes In the Work Environment Essay Burnout is defined as the long-term exhaustion and the diminished interest in work among employees. Accordingly, burnout emanates chronic occupational stress with factors, such as work overload and the long working hours as the key contributors. Nevertheless, there are many evidences, which tends to point out that the etiology of burnout is multifactorial in nature with dispositional factors playing a critical role in its development. Angerer (2003) points out that burnout tends to affect individuals in highly demanding and pressurized work environments, such as mental health workers, teachers and individuals in management positions that require the constant delivery of quality results. In the DSM-5, burnout is not recognized as a distinct disorder due to its close relationship to depressive disorders. However, the ICD-10 categorizes it under the problems related to life management difficulty (Z73). It is vital to differentiate burnout from stress, as they do not have similar symptom s among individuals. For instance, a burnout is associated with disengagement, while stress is associated with over-engagement. More so, Lee and Ashforth (1996) assert that the emotions in a burnout are always blunted, while those relating to stress are usually over-reactive. Several studies have been conducted to explicate the nature of burnout and its relevant causes in the work environment. Current essay highlights the key findings of the articles, analyzes the validity of the information, and compares and contrasts it with similar or different studies. Key Findings of the Article, Analysis of the Validity of the Information/Theory, and Comparison with Other Articles. The Connection between Personality and Burnout On the relationship between personality factors and burnout, the study by Langelaan, Bakker, van Doornen, and Schaufeli (2006) focused on the explication of whether individual differences contribute to burnout and engagement. The main findings of the article indicated that high neuroticism is the key burnout element, while low neuroticism in line with high extraversion, as well as high mobility levels, are important contributors to work engagement. The overall results indicated that temperament of individuals and the personality make a difference in respect to work engagement and burnout. Such findings are valid in the sense that they point to the significance of personality factors in terms of contributing to burnout among individuals within different areas. Their validity is also connected to the study and tests conducted on employees revealing the significant view that they have varying personalities, which do not necessarily lead to burnout in their areas of work. A similar study by Kim, Kim, and Swanger (2009) brought out the view that burnout is primarily influenced by neuroticism, while engagement is mainly affected by personality factors, such as conscientiousness and low neuroticism. In agreement with the above findings, Kim, Kim, and Swanger (2009) concluded that positive personality factors, such as extraversion and agreeableness, could never be linked to burnout among employees in their respective work environments. Kim, Kim and Swanger (2009) agree with the above findings especially because they used similar variable and approaches in their study. They focused on limited aspects of neuroticism and extraversion, hence achieving similar findings. Additionally, Puig, Baggs, Mixon, Park, Kim, and Lee (2012) agreed with the above findings stating that the subscales of burnout will always be at variance with the subscales of the personal wellness of the employee. The inter-correlations and multivariate multiple regressions performed in the study could have played a crucial role in leading to the similar findings about the linkage between personality factors and burnout. However, negative work environments that employees are subjected to could lead to burnout, as most of them rapidly become disinterested in their areas of work. Organizations have the challenge of ensuring the creation of improved working environments that would give employees the opportunity to work peacefully without losing interest in their works. The locus of control is one of the key personal characteristic that needs to be understood in the explanation of the link between personality and burnout. In addition to it, Swider and Zimmerman (2010) agree with the above findings noting that the internal locus of control is strongly associated with positive work outcomes among employees. There is no relationship between the locus of control and burnout, hence, eliminating any potential contribution of such personality characteristic to its existence. Swider and Zimmerman (2010) agree on the focus on a narrower aspect of the individuals’ characteristics. They had an easier time defining the locus of control and studying its applicability to the ability of employees to deliver the desired results. However, the study conducted by Alarcon, Eschleman, and Bowling (2009) tended to disagree with the above findings. In their study, they explicated several relationships between personality and the three factors of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Their results were differed, as they stated that personality factors, such as conscientiousness, agreeableness, locus of control, extraversion and self-efficacy, have a positive relationship with burnout. Their conclusion was that the personality of an employee has a consistent relationship with his/her burnout. They tend to differ due to the comparison of personality factors with the dimensions of the MBI, which was not done in the above two studies. The Relationship between Stress/Depression and Burnout In terms of differentiating stress/depression from burnout, Malach-Pines (2009) establishes that they are different in the sense that job stressors are commonly characterized by strain, while job importance factors are commonly associated with burnout. Such two different aspects of the job highlight the variance between stress and burnout among employees. The finding was connected to the psychoanalytic-existential theory that assisted in the discussion of the features of stress and burnout. Regarding the study by Malachi-Pines (2009), there is no direct relationship between stress and burnout, as they emanate from the different aspects of the work. Such information is valid because there has always been a common confusion between stress and burnout. Many people have found it difficult to set the differences clearly. However, the findings above try to indicate that stress and burnout are different in several aspects. For instance, it is worth noting that stress is commonly characterized by over-engagement, while burnout is characterized by disengagement. The second relevant difference is that emotions are blunted in burnout, while they tend to be over-reactive in stress. The third factor that validates the finding is that stress is mostly concerned with the loss of energy, while burnout is usually associated with the loss of hope, motivation and ideals among individuals. Lastly, the findings are validated by the fact that burnout only makes and individual perceive life as not worth living, while stress could terminate it prematurely. Nevertheless, Toker and Biron (2012) tend to differ with the above conclusion by unraveling temporal relationships between burnout and depression. They conclude that a significant increase in depression would lead to similar increase in burnout and vice-versa. Accordingly, Toker and Biron (2012) disagree with such findings due to their tendency to focus on the effect of depression on burnout and vice-versa. They have not necessarily focused on the conventional differences explained using the characteristics of burnout and depression. Organizational Factors Organizations contribute directly to burnout among their employees through their work schedules, work environment and other motivational factors that they are supposed to give to their employees. It is obvious that the failure of organizations to offer supportive environments to employees is one of the key contributors to the increasing levels of burnout. In the study on work demand stressors and job performance among employees, Gilboa, Shirom, Cooper, and Fried (2008) focused on some of the job stressors that are likely to lead to ambiguity. For instance, they studied relevant factors, such as environmental uncertainty, the conflict between family and work, role conflict, role ambiguity, work overload and job insecurity, and linked them to burnout among employees. They key finding of the study is that the factors affect the attitudes and the performance of employees, which translates to burnout. Gilboa, Shirom, Cooper, and Fried (2008) concluded that organizations must move forward to address such factors to avoid the increasing levels of burnout among their members of staff. They need to work consistently towards ensuring that the environment is supportive of their employees at any given moment. Such information is valid in the sense that it highlights the key areas that employees find motivational in the course of their working. For instance, factors such as job security and work overload affect employees directly and are always likely to influence their attitudes and commitment to work. Shih, Jiang, Klein, and Wang (2013) agree that they ultimately lose interest as a result of the uncertainties of the workplace, which translates directly to burnout. More so, the practicality of the information in terms of its applicability to contemporary organizations makes it valid in explaining what employees are already going through. In fact, most organizations have failed to determine burnout among their employees with the assumption that it is laziness or the intended loss of interest in the respective duties given to employees. A similar study supporting such view was conducted by NG and Feldman (2008), with the primary focus on the aspect of long-working hours among employees. Just like other workplace factors, the hours allocated to employees are crucial in affecting their rate of job burnout. In tandem with their meta-analysis, NG and Feldman (2008) agreed with the above findings by concluding that the hours worked had negative associations with the measures of their well-being. It implies that it denies them the opportunity to spend some time with their families and relax their minds. Therefore, they are frequently affected by burnout. The research in current article agrees with the key findings due to their focus on one key element of the negative work environment that is being discouraged on a global scale. Lim, Kim, Kim, Yang, and Lee (2010) also agree with the above findings in their study of work-related factors that increase the level of burnout among health professionals. They also utilized a meta-analysis setting variables that play a great role in the depersonalization and mental exhaustion of mental health workers. They agree with the view that ineffective work organization and lack of supports for employees lead to increased burnout. Depersonalization is high among older women compared to younger men in the health profession. They agree with the above findings especially because they went through studies, the review of literature and meta-analysis that gave them the opportunity to investigate the contributions of negative workplace factors to workers’ performance and dedication to the job. A related study by Hallsten, Voss, Stark, Josephson, and Vingard (2011) utilized the self-determination theory to explicate factors that might lead to long-term sickness and absence of employees from their areas of work. They observed that organizational factors, such as work overload and long hours of working, play a critical role in leading to long-term sickness and absence among employees. Most organizations keep overworking their labor force, hence, making it difficult for them to be healthy and come to their areas of work consistently. They agreed with the view that undesirable factors in the organization, such as long working hours and loaded roles for employees, are always likely to affect their performance in the long-term. As a result, it serves as a clear sign of burnout among employees. Their agreement is connected to the view that employees should be given some breathing space in the course of fulfilling their responsibilities in the organization. It should not be assumed that they are able to work for continuous hours without adequate rest. More so, the findings by Bowling, Eschleman, Wang, Kirkendall, and Alarcon (2010) are in agreement with the findings that poor work conditions increase the level of burnout among employees. They also did a meta-analysis focusing on organization-based self-esteem (OBSE). In respect to the above findings, they concluded that the work environment and the disposition of employees are directly related to the organization-based self-esteem. OBoyle, Humphrey, Pollack, Hawver, and Story (2011) confirm that work-related variables play a more crucial role in affecting the interest of employees in the completion of particular tasks in the best ways. They agree with the view because the work-related factors determine the focus of employees in terms of working and delivering their expected targets. Bowling, Eschleman, Wang, Kirkendall, and Alarcon (2010) state that poor work environments affect the ability of employees to continue doing similar tasks perfectly, and it is an indication of burnout. In conclusion, most of the above researches agree on the different factors that relate to burnout. Burnout can never be ignored among employees especially those serving in demanding environments requiring frequent reviews or delivery of immediate results. According to Ford, Cerasoli, Higgins, and Decesare (2011), the most significant thing to note from the above findings is that personal characteristics, such as extraversion, agreeableness, locus of control and self-efficacy, are not related to burnout. They are independent of the burnout that employees experience in the course of performing their duties. However, high neuroticism is a clear indication of burnout among employees. The best way to differentiate burnout from stress is to use their symptoms. As much as they appear similar in some aspects, burnout results from disengagement, while stress is a cause of over-engagement. Poor working environments in terms of long-working hours, job overloads, imbalance between work and famil y and job pressures increase burnouts. As a result, the organizations have the responsibility of looking into such matter and solving it in the most appropriate manner by establishing appropriate work environments that give employees the opportunity to relax and associate with other people. Limitations and Future Research The most significant limitation of the above studies is that they did not offer recommendations on the number of hours that men and women should be allowed to work on a weekly basis to prevent burnout. Organizations need to have a clear vision of what is expected of them so they could work appropriately toward addressing the problem. The second limitation is that there was no significant distinction of factors that might lead to burnout in both white collar and blue-collar jobs. It would have been easier and more interesting on the part of the reader to receive such detailed information. Moreover, it assists in the understanding of any differences in the level of burnout for the two groups of employees. Future research needs to focus on appropriate measures that could help organizations alleviate instances of burnout among their employees. Every organization seems to have established its own system, and some of such systems are not serving the purpose appropriately. Therefore, future research must be concerned with the development of a standard means of addressing the problem across all organizations.

How to Lead a Cross-Functional Team Collaboration With CoSchedule

How to Lead a Cross-Functional Team Collaboration With Cross-functional teams are assembled to tackle complexity. A group of specialists is stronger than a handful of generalists. But individual specialists are too narrow to handle the sprawling landscape of modern marketing. Heres some perspective: Were competing in an age where brands have become media companies to entertain the masses Organizations build free software tools to attract new prospects Companies like Proctor Gamble spend $4.6 billion yearly on advertising alone Thats the world you compete in - and your cross-functional team is smack-dab in the middle of it. So the big question is: Can your team seamlessly work together to get the job done? You can hammer nails with a brick, but its going to take a heck of a long time. Instead, you need a hammer. Something made exactly for the job. Its the same for us marketers How To Lead A Cross-Functional Team Collaboration With @You Need The Tool Built Specifically For The Job We often get stuck with tools built for  every use case rather than  our use case. is the tool built for modern marketers to manage  everything in one place. In this post, youre going to learn how to lead your cross-functional team to success using a tool built just for you: . âš’ No more using a mishmash of single-function tools its time for a platform built to suit. 📉 Sayonara to spreadsheets to manage your spreadsheets its time to transition every last detail into . 👋  Wave goodbye to endless meetings to finally get on the same page. (Only to have people ask, Whats going on again? 10 minutes later)   its time to get a birds-eye view of everyones deadlines. Its time to get a birds-eye view of your marketing teams deadlines with @What Problems Do Cross-Functional Teams Face? To start, lets outline the big problems cross-functional teams are up against. In a 2015 study, researchers found out that 75% of cross-functional teams weren’t actually all that functional. #irony Lead researcher, Behnam Tabrizi discovered these kinds of  teams were failing on several fronts: Meeting a planned budget. Staying on schedule. Adhering to specifications. Meeting customer expectations. Maintaining alignment corporate goals. What are the most common failure points for cross-functional marketing teams (and how canThese failures surprised me. After all, how can seemingly advanced teams of specialists miss things like budget, schedule, or goal alignment? Theyre project management 101. Tabrizi explained: Cross-functional teams often fail because the organization lacks a systemic approach. So, whats a cross-functional team lead to do? How Can Help You Lead Them? Enter . With , you have a systematic approach at your fingertips. Its built for keeping all of these plates spinning (so your brain doesnt have to): 🔠¥ marketing campaigns, 🔠¥ project management, 🔠¥ email marketing, 🔠¥ team workflows, 🔠¥ threaded conversations, 🔠¥ content creation, 🔠¥ file sharing, 🔠¥ social media, 🔠¥ and everything else the best marketing programs need managed. Now, here are two big ways these features will help you lead your cross-functional team to sweet marketing victory. Here are two big ways @will help you lead your cross-functional team to sweet marketingManage Multi-Teaming With One Source Of Truth Imagine youre in charge of managing all of your companys content. And youre responsible for launching a new product. This means: Email campaigns, Fresh website copy, Product positioning content, Sales decks, Case studies, Social media promo, Company blog posts, Landing pages, Etc Fortunately, you have a super savvy team made up of writers, editors, designers, a social media manager, and even a couple developers. And that team is also collaborating with other teams like sales, operations, and finance. The problem is, as one study found, is that 81% of those working on teams work on more than one concurrently. If you have 10 people, 8 of them are also working on other projects. This reality is called multi-teaming. And it means that every other team leader is clamoring for the time, attention, and expertise on their own projects. Every multi-teamed individual then gets pulled in opposite directions weekly - even daily. This is a real hurdle to cross-functional team success. And it can put every projects deadlines and deliverables in jeopardy. For instance, if your developer is also working on three other projects, what happens when a major fire starts elsewhere? They need to jump out of your project and into another because of the prioritized urgency. Really, then, your teams attention on your project looks more like this This puts your project at risk. But there is also the additional cost to productivity because on onboarding  and re-onboarding. Obviously, just because someone steps away from your project doesnt mean it stops. But while it moves forward, theyre out of the loop. This means theyre playing catch up when they finally step back in. The great news is can help tremendously. Struggling with cross-functional team collaboration? Heres how @can help tremendouslyUse As Your One Source Of Truth can help your team seamlessly re-onboard into your project by acting as your one source of truth. Im on the Demand Generation team, here. But I still collaborate on projects with our Brand Buzz, Product Marketing, Sales, and Dev teams every week. Im in-and-out of projects constantly. So, whenever I hop into the tool I get an overview of which campaigns I have projects and tasks in. Each tile in the image below represents an entire  marketing campaign. From this view, I can see: campaign owner, campaign duration, campaign title, my other team members, and the % completion. Then, when I click into the campaign itself, I see each of the projects that are part of it. This tile now represents a project Im the owner of. In this case, its core content for our #MakeshiftMarketing campaign. Then, within this project, I see all: âÅ"…  tasks, 📅  deadlines, ðŸâ€"“ publish dates, 🙋†Ã¢â„¢â‚¬Ã¯ ¸ Ã‚  conversations, 📄 creative briefs, ðŸâ€"‚  relevant files, 📈 and even analytics. Best of all, even if Ive been out of a project for awhile, I can see all of this without ever having to drop by anyones desk or send an IM. In this case, I can see that if I dont get my stuff done, Ben will be waiting on me. And because I like Ben, thats no good. Even better, once Ive marked an assigned task complete, the relevant person can get an approval notification. This way, they know its ready for review, approval, and the next person to start working. This system is invaluable for my multi-teamed compatriots and me. But how does this work outside of our teams? How does @connect marketing departments to other cross-functional teams?How Does This Work In The Real World? An excellent example of how this works in the real world is the story of customer Vega. Vega is a premium brand of plant-based lifestyle and performance nutrition products. And with a marketing team of 32 employees, they have tons of cross-collaborative campaigns and projects happening all at once. Before , they were stuck with project requests flooding their email inbox managing the deluge of details by hand and managing deadlines between teams and departments. As a growing company, this simply didnt work. Their teams need a birds-eye view of everything that was happening for real-time visibility into their marketing. Said their content marketing specialists, Elizabeth Jarrard: has saved me a ton of time in streamlining that process. And I have the ability to have a much higher view of what’s going out on all of Vega’s distribution points at any given time. When everyone has an accurate line of sight into whats happening, less time is spent in re-onboarding And more time is spent working. This proves especially true for multi-teamed employees in every organization. Said their content marketing manager, Amber Kennedy: [] makes conversations about last minute changes or projects a five minute chat, instead of an hour long meeting spent scratching our heads wondering how we’re going to make it work. Vegas diverse functional teams now have an incredible Vegas marketing team is hard at work building their audience and keeping current fans engaged. In addition to content that supports brand awareness campaigns, Vega’s content distribution includes organic and paid social media posts, editorial and promotional emails, educational webinars, and more. Basically, its a lot of smart people doing a lot of cool things getting great eCommerce results. Amber also says: My favorite feature is that everything is in one place. We open , run a saved calendar view, and have a conversation. It’s easier to collaborate and be on the same page. Takeaway: Use to mitigate the impact of multi-teaming, while maximizing the precious time each team member spends on your projects. #2. Drive Goals And Deadlines With Task Templates Imagine if your paycheck was dependent on your team hitting every goal. Nowhere to hide At the end of two weeks, the KPIs told the story of getting paid (or not). Thatd be rough for some of us. But, what if theres a simple way to increase your odds of succeeding by 4.3X? Obviously youd do it, right? Well, there is. According to our research, marketers who set goals are 429% more likely to report success than those who dont. A Harvard study found that setting goals: Increases motivation in individuals and groups. And increases achievement in nearly any setting. Your cross-functional team is no different. While setting goals is amazing, its not the same as achieving them. So, how do you parlay goal setting into the promised land of success? How can marketers parley goal setting into the promised land of success with @?Reverse Engineer Your Goals Into Tasks Attached To Deadlines Its time to reverse engineer your goals into tasks attached to firm deadlines. Reverse engineering your goals is pretty standard fare. If your goal is to increase qualified leads by 40%, you define the steps to get there. But imagine your cross-functional team has six people: Team lead (you) Designer Copywriter Editor Sales PPC manager Developer Where do you start? Probably with your standard bevy of spreadsheets and tools. Only, you  manage one process in tool X, another in tool Y, another in tool Z When you work with sales on a new deck, you use Basecamp to manage the workflow. This is because both your team and sales have access to the app. When you create blog posts, however, you use Asana to manage the process among your team because thats what your design team uses. And when you create email campaigns, you use Google Sheets. Even when there are similarities in your process (e.g. plan/write/design/edit/schedule), you have to spend time learning how to execute the process in new tools- not to mention, trying to remember where all this stuff lives. Use The Task-Simplification Framework An excellent remedy is a framework called task simplification. Former CEO of Intel, Andrew S. Grove, described it in his landmark book,  High Output Management. And its perfect for planning goal-driven marketing workflows. For each piece you’ll create (think blog post, e-book, landing page, etc.), run through these steps (head’s up- I’ve built upon Andrew’s original advice): Write out every task that needs to be done. Identify and delete the tasks that are unnecessary. Combine tasks together that will be completed at the same time. Delegate only one person to complete one task (e.g. don’t expect two people to complete one task). Assign a due date for each task as â€Å"{#} of days before publish†. This framework will help you  reduce the amount of work you take on by 30-50%. In addition, by setting clear task due dates, you know when to begin each piece to know when to realistically set deadlines. For example, when you know that blog post will take 22 days to produce, the soonest you can publish it is 23 days from today (if you were to start it today). That’s powerful info that will help you plan realistic deadlines and hit them.

Practice Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Practice Study - Essay Example Recently the client was diagnosed with fronto-temporal lobe dementia. Client denies his mental illness condition and allegations. During the study the focus had been in the theories of social work, medical studies, psychology and others to gain knowledge to guide our understanding to understand the reaction pattern of the client and help him. The study also has an objective to understand its contribution to the development of the student of social work. Various theories of social work have been studied. Based on the background and medical history of the client and inputs from various working professionals like supervisor, GP, psychologist and others the appropriate theories have been practiced. The client would be referred as BM to preserve the confidentiality under Data Protection Act 1970. The involvement in the case of BM was due to the eighty-day placement requirement of the study. To understand background of the client the first requirement was to study his recorded file. The information from this source can be grouped in: BM belongs to the senior citizen group. His age is 73 years. He is of the Caribbean origin. BM is originally from Jamaica. He had come to UK in 1956. He lives alone. BM case is a good example of race and ethnicity. He is being treated equally and getting the proper care and support by the professionals irrespective of their age, sex, community or race. With the prior experience in first placement and knowledge expansion the priority was to understand the background and specifications about the client to apply any practice theory. Among these the most important factor here was client’s physical and mental health. Client has a divorced life and has been in touch with his son. Family support for the client was the minimum. He has a lonely life. In December 2004, BM was admitted under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983. The

To What Extent Do You Consider That Robin is an Enterpreneur Essay

To What Extent Do You Consider That Robin is an Enterpreneur - Essay Example Although many people come up with great business ideas, most of them never act on their ideas. Entrepreneurs do† (2008). To sum it up, an entrepreneur is an individual who identify opportunities and creates business based on those opportunities and is willing to take risk to realize those business ideas a reality. Based on this definition of an entrepreneur, Robin qualifies as an entrepreneur and embodies its characteristics. Robin also has the essential skill of an entrepreneur of how to manage risk. This uncanny ability of Robin to manage risk was demonstrated when he was able to identify and seize opportunities without exposing himself to undue risk. This was manifested in the case when he started as a part time IT auditor with IT Alchemy yet he still took casual work to supplement his income. This demonstrates that while he was willing to explore opportunities with IT Alchemy, he is also a pragmatist that in case things will not work out, he still has another source of inco me as a fall back. It was not explicitly stated in the case but reading between the lines, Robin knew deep in his gut that there is an opportunity with IT Alchemy being a start-up company. This was evident with his inclination to stay with IT Alchemy when he was faced with the dilemma of not having the time for the lucrative contract with Heriot-Watt. This has to be stressed because if Robin had the mindset of an employee, he would have readily pursued the contract with Heriot-Watt because of the lucrative pay. Instead, he would have chosen IT Alchemy if he had to make a choice between the Heriot-Watt contract and IT Alchemy because he knew the potential of the company. This ability of entrepreneurs to discern and seize opportunity is elaborated by Timmons that entrepreneurs are able to create and see opportunities at the right time while others see it late or too early (2011). Robins also manifested his entrepreneurial tendency when he found a solution with his dilemma where he can stay with IT Alchemy and keep the contract with Heriot-Watt without losing anything. He was able to create a favourable value for himself because Mike Parr of IT Alchemy agreed with his idea and made him a part-owner of the company when Mike shared ownership of the company with Robin. This may not have been explicitly expressed in the case but Robin may have just been waiting for the right time where he can become a shareholder of IT Alchemy. The Heriot-Watt contract provided him the bargaining chip to leverage himself to become a part-owner of the company. He was able to turn a dilemma into an advantage which is the innovative characteristic of an entrepreneur. When Robin became the Director of the start-up, IT Alchemy, his entrepreneurial acumen to identify opportunities manifested which also proved to be beneficial to the company. As an IT expert, he was able to identify the opportunities spawned by the increased regulation of software licensing and made business out of it. He k new that with the heavy penalties imposed against non-compliance of software licensing, companies would conscientiously pay for renewal regularly in fear of licensing and copyright legislation to the point that they overpay their licensing fees. In a study by the Gartner Group, it was estimated that firms are paying 30% to 50% more on software licence compliance than they need to be. It may be unacceptable from a fiscal point of view for many firms but Robin was able to ident

Scheduling -312 Forum 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scheduling -312 Forum 3 - Assignment Example The board of professionals must also keep in touch with the classification societies of the shipping industry to keep up with the laws and rules. An advanced planning and scheduling system has now become necessary in the shipping industry. The advanced system would also ensure the quality, efficiency, teamwork, time management, safety of the crew, and machinery. Once a centralized digital system is used, most of the things will be handled (Oz, 2008). There may be many challenges faced when it is about implementing a digital software system for the maintenance and handling of the operations. The software would require skilled experts to handle and operate it for different tasks (Richard, 2009). There will be more skilled labor needed on the software to incorporate each activity such as maintenance, safety, and quality control. The data networks are complex which are usually challenging for the board of

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Review - Essay Example Music in the world is not the same neither are the musicians who compose the songs. In Java, the fundamental principal is the cyclic recurrence of the temporal in which time get estimates through running simultaneously. Java is the several concurrent cycles running simultaneously and critical days are reckoned as those points of coincidence between the different, continuous periods. The seven day and five-day period are calendrical majorly used in java. Day Five periods is in relation to on the five-day market system while the seven-day cycle is adopted from Islamic and Arabic words for the days of the gamelan cycle. Where these cycles coincide is always an important day. The basic unit of gamelan music is a period marked by gong; the instrument has ten subdivisions that allow them to play in given intervals with varied intensities. The first subdivision and the second subdivision positioned at the instruments played and the active constraints; a dot below the cipher is for the lower octave while the above shows the upper octave. Like the cyclical concept of time, the fundamental duality of this music reflects a dual system of classification in Indonesia that amazes the observer by its consistency and thoroughness. Java consists of many aspects of life that culture does not classify. For instance the mountains that are believed to be the home of Javanese gods while the seas the home of demons, place of death and evil spirits. Java divides the universe into these two main parts. The pitches played on gamelan can be perceived as melody and can be hummed as well as fitted with words. Though its formation gets its ideas from cyclic subdivisions, Jazz was only played on special occasions though it is considered old with its earliest piece being monggang was an award to Javanese by god Shiva (Wallin, Bjon and Steven 27).   The cyclic model of playing music was in use even before 1500AD. With time, the contour

Evolution of marketing strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Evolution of marketing strategy - Case Study Example By selling a product via targeting the customers' desires (emotions), H-D was able to capture people from all walks of life. From top executives to blue-collar workers, a diverse group of people bought into the lifestyle and sense of belonging to an elite group that H-D had created. This occurred because H-D staff members from all various positions, departments, and socioeconomic status were involved in the company's decision making regarding the changes. Vedpuriswar (2003) reports, "By 1986, H-D had regained 25% of the US motorcycle market'it went public on the New York Stock Exchange'From 1988 t0 1995, annual shipments'more than doubled. Although H-D generated more than $1.3 billion revenues in 1995, it spent less than less than $2 million in advertising'In H-D achieved its 18th consecutive year of growth, outselling all other manufacturers in the heavyweight category for the third straight year'" H-D had the right idea when it focused on people being the greatest competitive advantage. By focusing on four marketing objectives, H-D was able to capture both beginners and those who had already fallen in love with its products. After much research, it was able to gear its motorcycles, pricing, advertising, and all other aspects to enthusiasts and non-enthusiasts. H-D used the same the same research and customized approach to target the international market by keeping motorcycle production below demand. The freedom and liberty of America was the symbol that H-D used to sell its products. The image that the company sold was the niche that made it successful above its competitors. With products ranging from motorcycles to clothing to financing, H-D's marketing mix was advertised in that many found surprising. The company wanted to get the general public's attention. H-D also combined forces with other companies such as Ford to create limited edition of vehicles. Hence, the community of customers that H-D built is from all walks of life. Membership, with purchase of a motorcycle, allowed customers to attend unique activities and functions (at local, regional, national, and international levels), which allowed them to share their love of riding and to Last Name 3 belong to a special community of those who share the same interests. Brand loyalty was the result of all this research and hard work and it proved to be extremely successful. The brand and licensing was sold to various companies in the United Stated and other countries. Eighty licenses covered eighteen product categories worldwide. The H-D brand can be found on cafes, dolls, children's wear, toys, etc. As with anything in life, with the pros are the cons; with the advantages there are usually disadvantages. A disadvantage was that H-D listened to their customers so well and created such a desire that they could not keep up with the demand at the current level of production. Some executives are concerned that the H-D brand, which exemplifies ruggedness and masculinity, may be disastrous as it goes into a category that does not live up to this hardcore image and value. They feel that the company may have ventured into territories that it had no business in dealing with which may have led to devastating

Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Review - Essay Example Music in the world is not the same neither are the musicians who compose the songs. In Java, the fundamental principal is the cyclic recurrence of the temporal in which time get estimates through running simultaneously. Java is the several concurrent cycles running simultaneously and critical days are reckoned as those points of coincidence between the different, continuous periods. The seven day and five-day period are calendrical majorly used in java. Day Five periods is in relation to on the five-day market system while the seven-day cycle is adopted from Islamic and Arabic words for the days of the gamelan cycle. Where these cycles coincide is always an important day. The basic unit of gamelan music is a period marked by gong; the instrument has ten subdivisions that allow them to play in given intervals with varied intensities. The first subdivision and the second subdivision positioned at the instruments played and the active constraints; a dot below the cipher is for the lower octave while the above shows the upper octave. Like the cyclical concept of time, the fundamental duality of this music reflects a dual system of classification in Indonesia that amazes the observer by its consistency and thoroughness. Java consists of many aspects of life that culture does not classify. For instance the mountains that are believed to be the home of Javanese gods while the seas the home of demons, place of death and evil spirits. Java divides the universe into these two main parts. The pitches played on gamelan can be perceived as melody and can be hummed as well as fitted with words. Though its formation gets its ideas from cyclic subdivisions, Jazz was only played on special occasions though it is considered old with its earliest piece being monggang was an award to Javanese by god Shiva (Wallin, Bjon and Steven 27).   The cyclic model of playing music was in use even before 1500AD. With time, the contour

Improve skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Improve skills - Essay Example Finally, three different ways of attaining the above skills has been presented in the project for each of the skills. Improvement Area 1 Diversity As per the survey designed to evaluate skills, diversity was the most important aspect which requires to be improved. It is realized that it is most important to inculcate diversity in the personality in order to flexibly manage the influence of external changes on the personality. The most effective way of improving on the above skill would be to adopt new ways of thinking for a particular issue. This could be possible by inculcating the best ways in which people act in various situations. The best way would be to take account of the different challenges, diverse strengths, and interests in a particular situation and resolve the same in the most effective way. This would be effective in developing a personality which would be suited for handling a wide variety of situations. The diverse nature of personality would be able to efficiently h andle different challenges and hurdles in different situations (Kinicki, 2009). Another way of acquiring diversity skills would be to work in such groups which comprises of members who are different in characteristics and nature. This would allow the adoption of a wide range of knowledge and skills which would further stimulate divergent thinking. It would help in learning to manage conflicts, handle negative emotions and enhance effective communications (Kruglanski & Higgins, 2004, p.168). Mentoring would be another possible way of enhancing diverse and developing diverse skills. Paring of a junior employee with a senior one helps to create learning and promotional opportunities for people. This could also include pairing individuals from different cultural backgrounds, races, gender, etc. This method helps to remove stereotypical behaviors, beliefs and attitudes among individuals and broaden their knowledge base (Williams, 2008, p.461). Improvement Area 2 Attitudes The development of positive attitudes was realized as one of the most important requisites of being management professionals as they play to success in many cases. First of all a person needs to know which attributes are unique to him only. It is crucial to develop and enhance that skill as it adds to the motivation for mastering the knowledge which is required to reach the goals. It is important to actively undertake responsibilities, honestly pursue them and on successful completion of the task, accept compliments from oneself (White, 2005, p.4). A person could try and overcome shortcomings in his personality. This would include developing skills in areas where the person lacks confidence and gain expertise in that field. The growth of knowledge and skills in a domain in which a person lacks expertise helps develop self confidence and develops positive attitudes in the individual (Verma, 2005, p.11). It is important to focus on hard work and think positively about oneself. The idea is to out the maximum effort in what the person wants to achieve and not to give up easily. It is also important to create better impression on others which in turn encourages them to help him (Rinke, n.d.). Improvement Area 3Â   Self Concept Self concept is based on self evaluation. It is important that the individual makes his self assessment correctly in order to develop self

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Lord of the Flies both deal with mans struggle to control his inner evil Essay Example for Free

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Lord of the Flies both deal with mans struggle to control his inner evil Essay How do the authorss show this struggle? In the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson presents mans struggle to control his inner evil through Jekyll but the evil comes out in Hyde. Dr Jekyll is a fine upstanding member of the community and Mr Hyde is still Jekyll but he has no conscience and no sense of responsibility and so goes on wild evil rampages, I am going to explore how Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde show their evils. Dr Jekyll is a moral and religious man and has a conscience but he is attracted to the violence and freedom of Hyde and for him turning into Hyde is like a drug, he is addicted. Dr Jekyll is in a constant struggle with Hyde for control if I am the chief of sinners I am the chief of sufferers also, which shows the constant torment he is in yet he still drinks the drug. Before the smile was struck out of his face and succeeded by an expression of abject terror and despair, as froze the blood of the two gentleman below, this shows that Jekyll is scared of turning into Hyde and it also gives a picture of the ferocity of Hyde. Jekyll becomes weak from Hyde and eventually Hyde takes over completely Dr Jekyll, looking deadly sick. He did not rise to meet his visitor, but held out a cold hand and bade him welcome in a changed voice, this shows that Hyde is slowly trying to kill Jekyll. Jekyll decided to kill Hyde Utterson, I swear to god Utterson I am done with him in this world,I cannot say that I care what becomes of Hyde I am quite done with him, Utterson says to Jekyll he meant to murder you, which shows that Jekyll is good to have got rid of Hyde but Jekyll still takes the potion and Hyde continues his torments and Eventually kills Jekyll. God knows I am careless this is my true hour of death and what is to follow concerns another than myself, that was Jekylls final transformation before his death. Edward Hyde is the beast that takes Henry Jekyll over he is a small deformed man the man seems hardly human troglodytic shall we say, I read Satans signature upon a face, like a monkey, these all describe Hyde it is like Hyde is a step back in evolution. Hyde is also very fast it went so quick, with extraordinary quickness, these both show the speed oh Hyde so we now that he is animal like and very quick, he is also very savage as he has no conscience for the man trampled calmly over the childs body and left her screaming on the ground, really like Satan, these both show his ferocity, there are also a lot of satanic references to Hyde which suggests that he is the work of the devil. Other people perceive Hyde as being a juggernaut, without the bowels of mercy, a spirit of enduring hatred, which shows that he disgusts them. Hyde hates Jekyll because he thinks he is weak and pathetic but he still fears Jekyll because he knows that Jekyll has the power to cut him off by suicide how he fears my power to cut him off by suicide, blasphemies on the pages of my books, burning letters and destroying the portrait of my father, by doing these things Hyde is trying to demoralise Jekyll because it seems that the weaker Jekyll gets the stronger Hyde gets. As Jekyll gets ill Hyde feeds off his weakness making himself stronger the powers of Hyde have grown stronger with the sickliness of Jekyll, this shows that Hyde is very powerful and can force Jekyll to do anything. I think at first Jekyll finds Hyde exciting and adventurous and he loves the feeling of having no conscience. Jekyll and Hyde are like polar twins, being the same yet very opposite. Jekyll also has biblical references because the thrill of Hyde tempts him like the tree in the bible tempts Adam and Eve. This story shows that man has always been evil it is just hidden behind a mask and Hyde pulled this mask from Jekyll revealing the evil inside after all they are the same person. Lord of the Flies is much the same as Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde because they both deal with mans struggle to control his inner evil, but however in Lord of the Flies it is children who are evil and not adults like in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, so does this show that you are born evil? It certainly challenges the idea that you are born free from sin, as some of the children in Lord of the Flies are from private schools and you would think to be better brought up and you could say somewhat shielded from the world, but the children who were from a public education system behaved better and tried to overthrow to the evil that lay on the island. Lord of the flies shows emotions through its characters, Piggy who represents conscience and logic, Simon who represents Jesus and Jack and Ralph who are the leaders of the two gangs (good and evil). At the beginning of the novel it is hard to differentiate between the good and bad people because they have all just met each other and are all trying to out do each other in a bid to be popular but does this in itself show that maybe they are all evil? When the two gangs split up and start living separately its like Jekyll and Hyde because its like one gang is Jekyll and the other gang Hyde and as the story goes on the Hyde gang tries to kill the Jekyll gang. Also the Hyde gang use masks when hunting for food body held up a mask that drew their eyes and appalled them. He began to dance and his laughter became a bloodthirsty snarling, this shows that by putting masks on they are acting like Hyde transforming them from laughter to being snarling and bloodthirsty. Jack hid liberated from shame and self consciousness, this is exactly How Jekyll feels When he transforms in to Hyde because he is liberated from all consciousness and feels free to do whatever he wants. When Jacks gang are wearing these masks they launch attacks on Ralphs gang, the results of which end up in the death of Piggy, so all conscience and logic is removed and then as all they are removed we see the breakdown of their community and the good gang becomes equally as vicious as the bad gang showing that evil is like a disease that cant be healed and just keeps spreading. Simon also dies of an epileptic shock and this signifies that as he is the Jesus figure surely all hope and good is lost now, this is like when Jekyll becomes so ill he lets Hyde take over he was so frail he only raised a hand to bade him a welcome, and shows that there is no going back now evil has taken a strong hold on the island and can only get worse, good can no longer triumph over evil. When the navy finally rescues the boys nobody knows what has happened the island and they can only assume that the missing boys were killed in the plane crash. This shows mans naivety and arrogance to think that young innocent boys couldnt have brutally murdered one boy and left another to die, this reflects Jekyll and Hyde by the way in which nobody realises that a fine upstanding member of the community could possibly be a murderer although it is without his knowing but the boys on the island are young and you could say that without their parents and rules, they cant differentiate between right and wrong. Jekyll and Hyde was written in the Victorian times and it does challenge the idea of inner evil but good eventually wins because in the Victorian times people were moral and blind to the evil lurking before them and so sin was eventually killed in Jekyll and Hyde. In Lord of the Flies however you could say the evil triumphs which is the case in todays modern society, but the children are rescued from the evil they have created which you could argue that maybe good triumphs over evil after all. Both authors say that evil is in us and not around us and that without rules evil will show itself more fully. Evil is a tempting attractive power that gives you freedom but if you are truly evil can you be truly happy? We all see evil but can we see our own? Maybe these novels are trying to show us that maybe we should look inside ourselves and see if we are truly evil or is evil just something we use as an excuse to hurt people?

Business Plan For The Mead Johnson Nutritional Company Marketing Essay

Business Plan For The Mead Johnson Nutritional Company Marketing Essay An action research was sponsored by Mead Johnson in collaboration with NGO to access its efficacy in terms of increasing weight of infants of weaning age in urban slums of Dhaka city capital of Bangladesh. The findings of the study states that Infants weaned on ENFAMIL had more weight and length gained compared to control group Mothers attitude and infants acceptance of ENFAMIL was satisfactory. Storage pests (insects) were found on in one batch of weaning packets. Now Mead Johnson wants to access the acceptance of ENFAMIL in terms of its price, packaging, taste/quality among middle and lower middle class families. In the context of the current maturity of the market and the strategic options available, it is first necessary to assess whether the company is marketing the right product form the point of view of the consumers. Hence evaluation of the product is necessary. The specific objectives of the research are to assess consumer evaluation in the broad areas of: Packaging Product Price The end objective is to identify areas that need to be strengthened and also the existing strength areas that can be exploited. Start up summary Start-up costs of Mead Johnson consist of legal costs, research, Manpower, marketing/promotion product is to fund start-up expenses with Companys reserved fund, owner investments and a long-term business loan. Product Testing- ENFAMIL Research Budget Item Unit Cost Total (Taka) Sample product 818 150.00 122,700.00 Consultancy fee 2 8,500.00 17,000.00 Team leader and key members 8 8,000.00 64,000.00 Field Work Supervisor cum Data Quality Controllers 16 5,000.00 80,000.00 Data Collectors 40 3,000.00 120,000.00 Study Coordinator 2 7,000.00 14,000.00 Controller of Field Operation 4 6,000.00 24,000.00 Focus group discussion 64 300.00 19,200.00 In-depth interview 20 500.00 10,000.00 Data Analyst 2 9,000.00 18,000.00 Daily allowance 40 120.00 4,800.00 Particulars 2,000.00 2,000.00 Printing of Data Collection Instrument 5,000.00 5,000.00 Stationary 4,550.00 4,550.00 Photocopying and binding of reports 2,750.00 2,750.00 Pre-testing of Data Collection instrument 3,000.00 3,000.00 Total expenditure 511,000.00 Source of Capital : The source of capital is as follows: Funded by company 45% 270000.00 Owners investment- 20% 120000.00 Loan from Bank- 35% 210000.00 Total Capital: 600000.00 RESOURCES REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATION: Physical resources: The physical resources of this project will be include all essentials office equipments such as, computers, phone and fax, internet connection for data transfer, data collecting equipment. The costs of the physical resources Taka 140,000.00 (  £1320.00) PHYSICAL RESOURCES UNIT TOTAL COSTS Sample product 818 122700.00 Printing of Data Collection Instrument 2 5000.00 Particular 10 2000.00 Pre-testing of Data Collection instrument 5 3000.00 Stationary 7300.00 Total 140,000.00   Human Resources: POSITIONS NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES Administrative Assistant 1 Team Leader and key members 8 Supervisors cum Quality controllers 16 Data collector 40 Study Coordinator 2 Controller of Field Operation 4 TOTAL 71 Initially there will be a Team Leader who is responsible for the operational work. One will be an administrative assistant who will deal with all the paper work and who will take care of the administration duties. The remaining people will be divided into few groups. After taking all the necessary information members of the each group will forward these information to team leader to processing the activities. Financial Resources: The funding and investments for this project will be received from the companys own fund, owners personal investment and loan from the Banks. Research budget with sample products initial expenses is taka 511,000.00 (  £4820.00) RESEARCH DESIGN The research design is essentially a concept cum usage test. The details are discussed in turn. New product development: The development of original products, product improvements, product modifications, and new brands through the firms own RD efforts. The major criteria of new development are written below with a short description: Idea generation:The systematic search for new product ideas- Idea screening:Screening new product ideas in order to spot good ideas and drop poor ones as soon as possible. Product concept:A detailed version of the new product idea started in meaningful consumer terms. Concept testing:Testing new product concepts with group of target consumers to find out if the concepts have strong consumer appeal. Product development is a major part on marketing. The RD of any company does the mainly product development. In Bangladesh Mead Johnson havent have any RD departments. Mother company of Mead Johnson well known non-government social organization have innovated the product according to the consumer need, and analyzing the segment, culture and the other part of marketing. Study Design We have conducted a house-to-house random survey using structured questionnaires through personal interview. In our case Monadic test design as followed i.e. each respondent would tried one test product only. Prior to the main quantitative survey qualitative exploration was done through Focus Group Discussions (FGD). The opinions were collected in following sequence in the main survey: Selection of Respondents Discussion on need need gaps on weaning food Introduction to concept reactions thereof Product placement Reactions to product Reaction to price METHODOLOGY The agency proposed a house-to-house random survey to be conducted using a structured questionnaire through personal interview. In this case Monadic test design would be followed i.e. each respondent would try one test product only. Hence, we propose to place the product to the respondents for a period of 15 days after which their opinion on the product will be gathered. During this period they will use the product as suggested. Prior to doing the quantitative product test 8 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) will be conducted to have an in-depth understanding of the choice factors and to generate consumer vocabulary for the same.  ­Ã‚ ­ Measuring tools to used For rating on choice factors an 11-point scale (0-10) was used. Consumers will give mark out of ten. This scale has equality of interval properly and is reliable. This is also closest to reality because consumers are familiar with this scale and can easily rate on any factor. Sampling Universe Considering the geographic spread the Company has proposed that the following towns would be covered in the study. Dhaka( Capital city ) Chittagong Rangpur Syhlett In sum, the sampling universe for this study is all households having infants aged 4 to 10 months belonging to socio-economic classes B and C (appendix) in the selected towns. Sample Size Qualitative (FGD) Quantitative Metro: Dhaka 2 156 Large: Chittagong 2 85 Medium:Rajshahi 2 84 Small: Syhlett 2 84 Total 8 409 The allocation of sample size across the selected towns was done on the basis of sampling error ranges and also of heterogeneity of households within the town classes. For larger towns higher numbers of samples were covered to capture its diversity/ heterogeneity. In all there were a total of 8 FGDs and subsequently 409 respondents for quantitative study. Standard error ranges for different percentage estimates at the 95 % level of confidence based on simple random sample size. Sampling Technique We followed a multi stage, stratified sampling method to ensure representative samples. Within a town, households were selected by the Random Route technique (Cluster sampling). In each cluster/ area (smallest urban unit) 5 households were covered. Thus a total of 17-31 clusters/ areas were covered in each town, depending on sampling size. Target Group As mentioned, ENFAMIL targets the middle class and lower middle class consumers. Middle and lower middle class consumers are more concentrated in the urban towns than in the semi-urban towns or rural villages and hence urban target consumers are more accessible to the marketers for a new brand. Therefore, this study would be limited to urban towns only. Hence, primary target segment for ENFAMIL is all the households of the urban towns having at least one child between 5 to 10 months age and belonging to the middle and lower middle class. Time Plan for the Study Weeks Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sample Survey Preparatory Work for Sample Survey Instrumental Development Field Briefing, Training Field Work For Sampling Survey Data Entry Analysis for Sample Survey Reporting Focus Group Discussion Desk Research for the program Training Module Preparatory Work Collection of Reports, documents and historical Data Reporting Draft Report Final Report Head of the household The analysis of the respondents is given center-wise and on the basis of socio-economic classification. Standard market research classification of income is provided below. Center SEC Age of the Child (In Month) Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Syhlett SEC B SEC C 5-8 Months 8+ Month Total Total 156 85 84 84 188 221 218 191 409 1. Less than Tk 3000 15% 9% 13% 4% 4% 17% 12% 10% 11% 2. Tk 3001-4000 21% 20% 35% 14% 12% 30% 23% 21% 22% 3. Tk 4001-5000 18% 26% 31% 26% 20% 27% 22% 26% 24% 4. Tk 5001-6000 11% 14% 6% 19% 13% 11% 10% 15% 12% 5. Tk 6001-7000 10% 8% 6% 13% 14% 5% 9% 10% 10% 6. Tk 7001-8000 6% 5% 6% 4% 9% 2% 5% 6% 5% 7. Above Tk 8000 19% 18% 4% 20% 27% 6% 20% 11% 16% Mean Score (In Taka) 7199 6682.9 48649.4 6567.9 8422.5 4834.4 6968.5 5930.4 6483.7 Table : Monthly disposable income In majority of the market research projects we consider disposable monthly family income (DMFI). This is the amount of total earning of the family left after paying house rent, if any. This is a very good indicator of purchasing power. Needless to mention, average DMFI of the residents of Dhaka is more. And, quite obviously respondents belonging to SEC B had higher DMFI than their SEC C counterparts. However in all the centers, barring Dhaka, majority of respondents live in own houses especially at Chittagong and Syhlett (around 76-87%). In Dhaka 77% of the respondents live in rented houses paying an average house rent of Taka 574 per month. Family Size Number of Children The respondents had standard family size in most cases ranging from 4.7 to 6.2. In other words the average family size was 5.3. The following table will give an idea about the number of children the respondents have. Table: Family Size Center SEC Age of the Child (In Month) Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Syhlett SEC B SEC C 5-8 Months 8+ Month Total Total 156 85 84 84 188 221 218 191 409 Mean Score 4.7 5.9 5 6.2 5.6 5.1 5.4 5.3 5.3 List of Children Boy Girl List of Children Boy Girl 05 Months 16% 10% 08 Years 12% 12% 06 Months 13% 17% 09 Years 8% 7% 07 Months 12% 13% 10 Years 6% 8% 08 Months 10% 15% 11 Years 3% 6 09 Months 18% 17% 12 Years 6% 4% 10 Months 30% 28% 13 Years 2% 1% 01 Year *% *% 14 Years 1% 3% 02 Years 4% 3% 15 Years 2% 1% 03 Years 6% 9% 16 Years 1% -% 04 Years 11% 9% 17 Years -% *% 05 Years 12% 16% 18 Years *% -% 06 Years 11% 13% 07 Years 4% 6% Total 207 202 On an average the respondents have two children. Among the 409 respondents interviewed 298 had children below 8 months and 191 had children above 8 months on the basis of which they were selected. The Respondent 99% of the respondents were housewives. The respondents were primarily young and 65% of them belong to the age group of 18 to 25 years whereas rests are between 26 to 35 years. able: Occupation of the Respondent Center SEC Age of the Child (In Month) Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Syhlett SEC B SEC C 5-8 Months 8+ Month Total Total 156 85 84 84 188 221 218 191 409 1. Housewife 99% 100% 98% 100% 98% 100% 99% 99% 99% 2. Student -% 1% -% 2% 2% -% -% 2% 1% 3. Part time job -% 1% 2% 1% 2% *% 1% 1% 1% 4. Full time job 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 5. Others 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% *% *% 2% 1% INFORMATION AREA CONCEPT PACKAGING PRODUCT status motive needs. overall measures -Likeability Uniqueness -Nutrition -Modernity -Overall rating -Attractiveness Attractiveness -Physical appearance (looks, granularity, etc.) -Dynamism -Intention to try -Uniqueness Pack size -Preparation convenience (easy to mix with water, does not form lump, etc.) -Friendliness -Intention to use regularly -Credibility Packshape/Graphics/Design/ color -Taste, aroma, etc -Age Information Literature/information -Storage convenience -Trustworthiness Overall acceptability Ability to preserve content -Longevity, not forming lump -Premium Usefulness of information given on the pack Insect growth, etc. -Sophisticated Credibility of information Can be mixed with milk, soup, etc. -Natural/fresh Usage Experience Majority of the respondents (61%) had consumed almost both the packets given for usage. Some 27% had consumed at least one packet in the 15 days, the time given to them to try the product. During this time phase, on average the product was given two times daily to the child mixed with only water (about average of 253ml) in most cases (69%). About 26% of the mothers had also mixed sugar or other items with ENFAMIL. Hot water was preferred most by the respondents (79%), whereas 14% used tepid water. DIAGNOSTIC OF PERFORMANCE: It is clear that the respondents had adequate product experience. Their views on the product therefore are meaningful. We first examine the overall performance indicators of the product. For this we shall consider three indicators- Intention to regular use, Intention to try, and overall rating. Of these three, intention to regular use is the strongest indicator as it expresses the probability of buying and using the product. Intention to try comes next. And overall rating is the third most important indicator as it signifies how much the product is liked Spontaneous Reaction On exposure to the concept the respondents were asked to express their feeling about good or bad. The major reactions are shown below: Center SEC % Reactions Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Syhlett SEC B SEC C TOTAL Childs health will remain good if fed along with breast milk 41 45 42 7 36 34 35 Liked the literature which states this is necessary along with breast milk 25 12 13 8 11 21 16 Child will get nutrition 29 6 6 7 13 17 15 Has Vitamin 17 12 15 8 14 14 14 Literature gives Impression that it will be a quality product 3 22 4 17 12 9 10 Balanced diet 13 7 8 4 9 10 9 Helps in rapid 10 16 6 4 9 10 9 Base: 156 85 84 84 188 221 409 At a top of mind level, childs health has registered most. It is understood that if fed along side continued breast-feeding ENFAMIL would ensure good health. It nutrition, being balanced diet, and helping in babys growth have also registered moderately. Likes and dislikes of the concept The respondents were also asked to describe what they liked and disliked of the concept. Only about 2% had any dislike while all had one or more likes of the concept. The major likings are picture of the baby (70%), literature on childs food requirement (26%), the packet (21%). MARKETING MIX Attempting to target relatively high-priced offerings to rural families on the margins of the cash economy, or to the poorest of the urban poor, is simply bad marketing. But Mead Johnson developed this new brand of ENFAMIL so that middle class families can purchase this product at a lower price but meet nutritional demands for infants. The next section will emphasize the 4Ps of ENFAMIL: Product: Nature of product: ENFAMIL milk-based, lactose-free, iron fortified infant formula for first 12 months. Product Features: The only lactose-free, milk-based formula, which includes LIPIL, a unique blend of DHA and ARA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lactose-free and sucrose-free No sucrose (table sugar) Nutrition value: NUTRIENTS (Normal Dilution) Per 100 Calories (5 fl oz)   Protein, g 2.1   Fat, g 5.3   Carbohydrate, g 10.9   Water, g 134   Linoleic acid, mg 860 Vitamins   Ã‚  Vitamin A, IU 300   Ã‚  Vitamin D, IU 60   Ã‚  Vitamin E, IU 2   Ã‚  Vitamin K,  µg 8   Ã‚  Thiamin (Vitamin B1),  µg 80   Ã‚  Riboflavin (Vitamin B2),  µg 140   Ã‚  Vitamin B6,  µg 60   Ã‚  Vitamin B12,  µg 0.3   Ã‚  Niacin,  µg 1000   Ã‚  Folic acid (Folacin),  µg 16   Ã‚  Pantothenic acid,  µg 500   Ã‚  Biotin,  µg 3   Ã‚  Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), mg 12   Ã‚  Choline, mg 12   Ã‚  Inositol, mg 6   Minerals   Ã‚  Calcium, mg 82   Ã‚  Phosphorus, mg 55   Ã‚  Magnesium, mg 8   Ã‚  Iron, mg 1.8   Ã‚  Zinc, mg 1   Ã‚  Manganese,  µg 15   Ã‚  Copper,  µg 75   Ã‚  Iodine,  µg 15   Ã‚  Selenium,  µg 2.8   Ã‚  Sodium, mg 30   Ã‚  Potassium, mg 110   Ã‚  Chloride, mg 67   Core value the product is giving to its customer: Enfamil the first infant formula in all over the globe, which contains the nutrients DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and ARA (arachidonic acid). Also naturally found in breast milk, DHA and ARA have been clinically shown to support infant brain and eye development. Performance of the Pack Likes and dislikes, attribute rating, and overall rating of the pack are examined below to assess the packs acceptability. Overall rating: The rating on the pack on overall was collected on a 7.0-point scale. The ratings are as below. %all Very Poor to moderate 1 Good 2 Very Good 36 Excellent 1 Mean Score (1-7) 6.6 The pack is excellent on overall consideration. Hence it is quite obvious that it would have few dislikes. Price: Prior to exposure to the stipulated price, an effort was made to identify the price most suitable for the brand, via Psychological Monetary Demand (PMD) technique. The respondents were offered a range of price from Tk. 100 to 200 with and increment of Tk. 5, and asked above which price, and at which price or below they would not purchase the brand. The analysis provides the proportion of the target group willing to purchase ENFAMIL at each price level and corresponding monetary demand. For a marketer profit maximization is likely to occur at the highest level of monetary demand. The analysis depicts that maximum monetary gain can be ensured if the price of ENFAMIL is at Tk. 75. Above this price proportion of buyers and monetary value of sales fall drastically. On the other hand, if the objective is to maximize number of users, one can reduce the price down to the level of Tk. 60. Beyond this, interested buyers will be fewer. Price Market price line ENFAMIL @ TK 75 TIME Figure: market penetration strategy Demand pattern According to the market dynamics, the demand for consumable products depends on the price factor along with other related factors i.e. test and preferences, nature of the product, and economic condition of the target customers. After analyzing the market pattern and relationship of price to quantity through sample survey questionnaire the following demand pattern was observed. The analysis provides the proportion of the target group willing to purchase ENFAMIL at each price level and corresponding monetary demand. For a marketer profit maximization is likely to occur at the highest level of monetary demand. Proportion of consumers Monetary Demand Price (%)willing to buy (Assuming pop=100) Tk.50 67 3337 Tk.55 76 4135 Tk.60 83 4958 Tk.65 83 5419 Tk.70 82 5716 Tk.75 82 6125 Tk.80 69 5535 Tk.85 60 5071 Tk.90 46 4137 Tk.95 42 4018 Tk.100 17 1711 Tk.105 15 1540 Tk.110 10 1103 Tk.115 9 1012 Tk.120 0 0 The analysis depicts that maximum monetary gain can be ensured if the price of ENFAMIL is at Taka 75.00 Above this price proportion of buyers and monetary value of sales fall drastically. On the other hand, if the objective is to maximize number of users, one can reduce the price down to the level of Taka. 60.00 Beyond this, interested buyers will be fewer. Thus it can be concluded that the demand for baby food ENFAMIL is elastic. Place : The nature of distribution of the product and the market accessibility also plays a major role after generating awareness of the product among the target customers. If the customers dont have the product at the right place at the right moment than there exists the possibility that those customers will switch to another brand and have bitter experience while purchasing the product . To reverse the effect of the above situation the company should use both direct marketing and indirect marketing channels to promote ENFAMIL. For distributing ENFAMIL the company should use following methods Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailers Customers Manufacturer Customers Manufacturer Pharmacy Customers 1) 2) 3) Figure: Distribution channels Promotion The range of promotional activities available to todays manufacturer or companies can be overwhelming. The promotional action plan for ENFAMIL is listed below. Advertising Newspaper, Billboard, Electronic media: Radio TV Public relation- Social activities, Sponsorship, Awareness campaign about the benefits of baby food product Direct marketing- Promoting via doctors through medical representatives ENFAMIL is very new in the market it requires specific events such as the launch of an advertising campaign or a press conference to announce the launching of the new product. In other cases promotional activities necessarily be required for the NGO to carry out in different local government and private hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and aware rural, urban middle to lower middle class families about the product. In other cases promotional activities involve putting various elements into place for the long term, such as training salespeople for directing marketing to promote this product via doctors through medical representatives. In all cases, it is important to integrate companys promotion efforts; doing so can decrease costs and increase communication effectiveness. SALES FORCAST The sales forecast has been done in three levels. First level depicts optimistic forecast if all other factors affecting sales are favorable. The second level of sales forecast is based on normal ongoing condition of the economy and the next level of forecast is done based on the pessimistic approach. YEARLY ESTIMATED DEMAND Price remains fixed as the product is price elastics Quantity demanded (units in hundreds) Economic condition Portion of Expected customer (assumption) Sales forecast (Units in hundreds ) TK 75.00 6125 Optimistic 90% 5512 TK 75.00 6125 Normal 75% 4593 TK 75.00